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PL
Nawet na rozwiniętych rynkach kapitałowych kwestia wyznaczania kosztu kapitału własnego, a w szczególności beta jako taka, stanowią przedmiot wielu kontrowersji. Trzy dekady dyskusji akademickiej nie pozwoliły odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy beta jest wiarygodną miarą ryzyka, czy też nie. Również rezultaty badań przeprowadzonych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie nie dają jednoznacznych podstaw ani do przyjęcia CAPM, ani do odrzucenia modelu. Celem niniejszego badania jest zbadanie stabilności w czasie współczynników beta. W tym celu wykorzystano test Chowa.
EN
In developed markets, the cost of equity in general and the concept of beta in particular are not free from controversy. Three decades of academic debate haven't settled the issue of validity of beta as a reliable measure of risk. The results of the tests carried by many researchers on the Warsaw Stock Exchange give no unambiguous support for or rejection of the CAPM validity. The aim of the article is to specifically verify if beta coefficients are stable over time. In order to do that Chow's test has been applied.
EN
The concept of the cost of capital historically has served three purposes: as an investment decision criterion, as a hurdle rate in capital budgeting and as a link between financial and investment decisions. At the time being the scope of the cost of capital application is substantially wider because the competence in this area is necessary in the process of firms' valuations which are conducted for various reasons (buy and sell transactions, restructuring, taxes). In the article there were discussed various areas of the cost of capital application and their meaning in the business units operations. In particular there were emphasized the ones which do not have equivalents in polish circumstances yet, but at the same time are expected to emerge simultaneously with market economy development.
PL
W Polsce problem szacowania kosztu kapitału jest niezwykle swobodnie traktowany, co stanowi bardzo poważny mankament przeprowadzanych analiz oraz wycen. Niewątpliwie wynika to z faktu, że znaczenie kosztu kapitału jako kategorii jest bardziej uwypuklane przez teorię i badania naukowe niż dostrzegane przez menedżerów. Znajomość kosztu kapitału nie jest na co dzień potrzebna zarządzającym, gdy nie podejmują decyzji inwestycyjnych, czy też decyzji związanych z procesami fuzji i przejęć. Ponadto nie jest to wartość raportowana w systemach ewidencji księgowej. W związku z powyższym, celem niniejszego artykułu było wskazanie błędów popełnianych zarówno w trakcie szacowania jak i aplikacji kosztu kapitału.
EN
The issue of the cost of capital valuation is treated very freely in Poland, which causes many defects of the conducted analyses. Undoubtedly it is connected with the fact that the meaning of the cost of capital is much more emphasized by the theory and scientific research than by practitioners. The knowledge of the cost of capital is not necessary in everyday management, when managers do not have to make, for example, investment decisions. Furthermore, this value is not reported in financial statements. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to some errors frequently encountered in estimation and applications of the cost of capital.
EN
The article presents classification of the cost of equity valuation methods. As far as debt is concerned the cost of this source of financing can be directly observed or priced easily. Unfortunately with respect to the equity is it is much more complicated mainly because the shareholders expectations can not be observed directly. There were many methods developed but the academics are still arguing about them. The classification proposed in the paper may be found controversial because the differences are diminishing but at the same time it may give an incentive to a fruitful debate.
EN
The paper discusses methods of measurement of risk connected with equity with the emphasis on problems of estimation of beta ((3) coefficient as a measure of the market risk. The future value of the beta ((3) coefficient may be subjectively estimated by the analyst or forecasted on the basis of the beta (P) coefficients measured for the past periods. In the framework of the second approach we can distinguish the following methods: -methods of measuring of the historical beta (|3) coefficients, -methods of correcting of the historical beta ((3) coefficients, -methods of correcting of the historical beta ((3) coefficients based on the fundamental analysis. The purpose of this article was to analyse the third group of methods.
EN
In theory the risk free rate is a fundamental input to most risk and return models. However in practice, estimating risk free rates becomes difficult when there are no default-free assets. In addition, the question of what risk free rate to use (short term or long term, dollar or foreign currency) is a critical one. This paper examines these issues.
EN
Historically the cost of capital concept served three purposes: as a criterion in financial decisions, as a benchmark in capital budgeting and as a tie between financial and investment decisions. Nowadays application of the cost of capital is much more wider because the competence in this field is necessary while the business valuations are carried out (they are conducted for various reasons like: sale, structural transformation or raising tax). The paper discuses different types of the cost of capital and their meaning for various aspects of running businesses.
EN
There are two points of view as far as the issue of the financial resources raising and costs connected with that process are concerned. Traditional approach is based on the assumption that there is a balance between equity and debt, which allows to minimise weighted average cost of capital. On the other hand Modigliani and Miller have formulated theory according to which, the cost of raising of financial resources is the same regardless of the fact if they are equity or debt.
EN
The article discusses methods of measurement of risk connected with equity with the emphasi coefficient as a measure of the market risk. The future value of the beta coefficient may be subjectively estimated by the analyst or forecasted on the basis of the beta coefficients measured for the past periods. In the framework of the second approach we can distinguish the following methods: -methods of measuring of the historical beta coefficients, -methods of correcting of the historical beta coefficients, -methods of correcting of the historical beta coefficients based on the fundamental analysis.
EN
The article concerns the sector of the small and medium size companies, which is perceived in European Union as strategic one for the sake of its meaning for the economic growth and the process of creating the new workplaces. These kinds of firms much easier implement the new technologies and are more flexible in adapting to new market requirements. Thus it is essential for the state to create efficient mechanisms of supporting medium and small size firms. However the help provided by the state must be complemented by the activities of the local governments which should create favourable conditions for running businesses.
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