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Element content of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands of different densities

Skonieczna J., Małek S., Polowy K., Węgiel A.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2014

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vol. 57, nr 192

77--87

EN

Modern forestry management should be based on the principle of sustainability. In order to preserve habitat productivity, the amount of nutrients removed from the environment along with forestry products must be taken into consideration. This study shows the exact concentrations of chemical elements in different tree parts of Scots pine, growing on poor soils in north-western Poland. The observed values were compared to the values found in literature. In addition, the relationship between the concentrations of elements and stem diameter or stand density was researched. The highest concentration of chemical elements was observed in the needles (C, N, P, K, Mg, S, Mn, Na, Fe) and the lowest (C, N, P, S, Cu, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe) in the stem wood. Most of the macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg and S) reached optimal values, with the exception of N showing a deficiency, especially in the needles. The relationship between the content of elements and DBH or stand density was rather weak, and in both cases, negative.

2

Allocation of elements in a chronosequence of silver birch afforested on former agricultural lands

Gawęda T., Małek S., Zasada M., Jagodziński A. M.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2014

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vol. 57, nr 192

107--

EN

Research on the effect of birch regeneration on changes occurring in the environment on former farmlands included a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the biomass growing on the research plots. Five experimental plots were selected in the Mazovia region: two in Dobieszyn and the Kampinos National Park and one in Kozienice. The analysis performed on each plot was concerned with the amount and chemical composition of biomass in four patches of vegetation, characterised by the different ages of the birch trees growing there. The vegetation patches were classified according to age group, i.e. I: 1–4 years old, II: 5–8 years old, III: 9–12 years old and IV: over 12 years old. Biomass samples were collected in the field and determined in kg DM/ha using the following components: roots, stem, bark, branches, assimilation apparatus, litterfall and the total biomass of the other (except birch) plants. For all the above-mentioned groups, the content of the elements N, C, S, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cd was determined. This allowed us to obtain both the values of the concentrations of particular substances and their allocation in both the organic matter and litterfall. The aim of the research was to discover whether the allocation of elements changes with the age of birch growing on former farmland.

3

The effect of environmental conditions on surface water quality in the Zimnik and Czyrna catchments of the Beskid Śląski

Małek S., Krakowian K.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2009

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no. 13a

205-223

EN

The study was carried out in the year 2004 in the Zimnik and Czyrna catchments situated on opposite slopes of Skrzyczne in the Beskid Śląski Mts. Water samples collected from streams during three sampling sessions were analysed. The first session was carried out during snowmelt (April/May), the second during intensive rainfall in the vegetation season (June) and the third - during low water level (October). A data set consisting of conductivity, water pH, concentrations of major anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) and cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) was produced and waters were then classified according to Polish standards (years 2002 and 2004). Chemical composition of stream waters depended on physical and geological properties of drainage areas and on seasonal changes of water level in the catchment. Water class depended also on precipitation and on forest type. It was found that water from most sampling points in streams was unfit for drinking - 66 out of collected 89 samples were beyond the first A1 category and the main reason for that was too low pH and high concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-. During intensive rainfall in the vegetation season higher washing out of cations was observed from beech and multispecies forest stands than from spruce stands, which partly neutralized water pH and in consequence improved water quality. This phenomenon should be considered while afforesting streams neighborhoods where water is or will be used as a source of drinking water.

PL

Badania zostały przeprowadzone w 2004 roku w zlewniach Zimnika i Czyrnej leżących na przeciwległych stokach Skrzycznego w Beskidzie Śląskim. Analizie poddano wody pobrane z potoków podczas trzech sesji pomiarowych. Pierwsza odbyła się podczas roztopów śniegu (kwiecień/maj), druga sesja w trakcie intensywnych opadów deszczu w okresie wegetacji (czerwiec), trzecia przy niskim stanie wód (październik). Analizowano odczyn i przewodność elektrolityczną, oraz stężenie anionów (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) i kationów (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). Wyniki poddano klasyfikacji wód pitnych wg polskich norm (z 2002 i 2004 r.). Skład chemiczny wód powierzchniowych zależy od fizycznych i geologicznych właściwości utworów budujących zlewnie. Przynależność wód do klasy zależy również od wystąpienia i rodzaju opadów atmosferycznych oraz składu gatunkowego. Stwierdzono niezdatność dużej części badanych wód do picia - 66 z 89 pobranych prób znajdowało się poza klasa A1, głównie ze względu na niski ich odczyn oraz wysokie stężenie NH4+ i NO3-. W drzewostanach bukowych i wielogatunkowych zaobserwowano znacząco większe niż w świerkowych wymywanie kationów podczas intensywnych opadów deszczu, co w pewnym stopniu neutralizowało odczyn wód a tym samym podnosiło jakość wód. Ten fakt powinien być brany pod uwagę przy zalesianiu terenów źródliskowych i sąsiadujących z potokami w obszarach, gdzie wody te wykorzystywane są lub będą w przyszłości, jako dodatkowe ujęcia wód pitnych.

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Wykorzystanie różnych form opadów i osadów atmosferycznych do oceny zanieczyszczenia środowiska w różnych regionach geograficznych polski - część II - Rosa

Polkowska Ż., Błaś M., Sobik M., Klimaszewska K., Małek S., Namieśnik J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 4

529-560

PL

Przeprowadzono analizy 235 próbek rosy i 65 próbek deszczu zebranych na 8 stacjach na terenie Polski w okresie od sierpnia 2004 do listopada 2006 roku. W zależności od położenia oraz charakteru 'la emisji zanieczyszczeń stacje pogrupowano na: rolnicze (Wrocław, Dziemiany); miejskie w strefie wybrzeża (Gdańsk, Gdynia, Sopot) i miejskie, położone poza strefą wybrzeża (Bytów, Kraków, Mława). Próbki opadu i osadu atmosferycznego badano w celu uzyskania informacji o składzie jakościowym i ilościowym. Oznaczono stężenia następujących analitów: kationów ( NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ i Na+), anionów (CI-, F, NO2-, NO3-, SO4 3- i PO3-4), formaldehydów i całkowitej zawartości fenoli. Wykonano również pomiar przewodności i odczynu pH. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły zarówno na porównanie chemizmu osadów i opadów atmosferycznych, jak również na określenie ładunków zanieczyszczeń wprowadzanych do środowiska. Przeprowadzone analizy potwierdziły wyższy stopień zanieczyszczenia rosy niż opadu atmosferycznego. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły zależność stężeń poszczególnych analitów od lokalizacji i ukształtowania terenu, na którym zostały zebrane próbki opadów i osadów atmosferycznych, a także od warunków meteorologicznych.

EN

The analyses of 235 dew and 65 atmospheric precipitation samples collected from eight measurement stations in Poland from August 2004 to November 2006 were made. Taking into account the type of land use and characteristics of pollutant emissions, the sampling sites were divided into three groups: rural stations (located in agricultural areas: Wrocław, Dziemiany); coastal urban stations (close to the coastline: Gdansk, Gdynia, Sopot) and inland urban stations (the chemical composition of precipitation in a town, with increasing traffic intensity and industry: Bytów, Mława, Kraków). The samples of atmospheric precipitation and deposits were analyzed in order to obtain information regarding qualitative and quantitative composition. The concentration levels of the following analytes were determined: cations ( NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+), anions (Cl-, F-, NO2-, NO3-, SO2-4, PO3-4), formaldehyde and sum of phenols. The samples were also analyzed for pH and conductivity. The obtained results allowed both to compare the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation and deposits and evaluate the load of pollutants entering the environment. The conducted research confirmed the higher pollution level of dew, when compared with atmospheric precipitation, and the relationship between concentration levels of selected analytes and such factors, as: location, land topography, from which the samples of atmospheric precipitation and deposits were collected and meteorological conditions.

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Charakterystyka chemiczna wód powierzchniowych zlewni Potoku Dupniańskiego oraz Olzy w Beskidzie Śląskim

Małek S., Gawęda T.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2004

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nr 131(12)

257-264

PL

Przedstawiona praca przedstawia różnice w wybranych właściwościach fizyko-chemicznych wód pomiędzy dopływem (Potok Dupniański - zlewnia zalesiona) a odbiornikiem (rzeką Olzą - zlewnia rolnicza i zurbanizowana). Jakość wód potoku poza okresami roztopowymi jest znacznie wyższa. Czynnikiem determinującym przynależność do poszczególnych klas czystości jest przeważnie odczyn ich wód. Wody odbiornika są gorszej jakości, o której decydują często zawartości nieorganicznych form azotu.

EN

Presented paper contain difference in chosen physic-chemical water parameters between inflow (Potok Dupniański - forest catchment) and outflow (Olza river - agricultural and urban catchment). The stream water quality, beside the snow melting period is higher. The main and determining element for water classifies is their reaction. Waters from Olza river are of pure quality, which is the effect of the inorganic nitric form.

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Zmiany składu chemicznego opadów atmosferycznych po przejściu przez okap drzewostanów świerkowych

Małek S.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 4-Ś

37--45

EN

The flow of anions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-) an of cations (NH4+, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn), that is, changes in their concentrations after passing through the canopy (sub-canopy precipitation), flowing on the soil surface has been analyzed in different development phases of spruce stands (1st, 2nd, 5th and 6th age class) in the Potok Dupniański catchment in the Wisła Forest Inspectorate. The catchment located in Southern Poland in Beskid Śląski (N 49 stopni 35 minut, E 18 stopni 50 minut) close to Slovakia and Czech border, has an area of 1,6787 km2. The study was performed according to guidelines of the ICP - Forest Manual. The results of studies refer to the period 2000-2001. Water sampled from the rainfall deposited on the tree crowns, was characteristic of greater concentrations of all analyzed anions and cations (except for Mangane) during the growing season but also of smaller reaction than in the winter with a simultaneous, almost three times higher concentration of NO3 and two times higher concentration of SO4. In addition, with a greater water volume deposited in the winter, higher amounts of Na and Mn were sampled in the snow in 2000. On the other hand, in the subsequent year higher concentrations of F, SO4, Na, Mg, Fe, and Mn were noted in the winter season. In spite of higher amounts of water deposited in the catchment in the winter season of 2001, a higher input of F and Fe in comparison to the growing season was noticed. In the years that followed increased concentrations of F, Cl, NO3, SO4, PO4, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and an increase in the reaction were noted in the vegetation period, whereas in the winter time increased values for F, Cl, NO3, SO4, PO3, Na, K and a decrease in the reaction were found. This was a evidence of increasing air pollution especially in winter time. A systematic increase in the concentration and amount of SO4 in water going through the tree crown with the age of the spruce stands and a decrease in the reaction of water together with the age of the stand and during the passage through the canopy. It was found that the ion NH4 coming from the atmosphere is absorbet in the tree crown zone, causing washing from tree crowns especially of K and Mn and F and SO4 in the older stands during the growing season. Mg and Ca are most probably also absorbed directly from the rainfall thus compensating a considerable outflow of these elements outside of the reach of the root system (in all development phases). In the winter time it was found that Fe, Mn, Na, and K are washed from tree crowns in the thickets whereas washing of F, NO3, SO4,Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe was noted for older trees. Washing of Mg and Ca from the assimilatory apparatuses of trees is particularly threateningf in older age classes as these elements are in a great deficit. The processes of decomposition of organic matter, cause an increase in the concentrations of all analyzed anions and cations and an increase in the acidity of water (Tab. 1, 2).

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Chemizm wód potoku Dupniańskiego w Beskidzie Śląskim

Małek S., Gawęda T.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 4-Ś

85--94

EN

In order to confirm the hypothesis on the variability of water quality in the Potok Dupniański stream in the Silesia Beskid, three sampling sessions have been organized in May. July, and September of 2001. The catchment located in Southern Poland in Beskid Śląski (N 49°35', E 18°50') close to Slovakia and Czech border, has an area of 1,6787 km2. Sampling covered field conductivity and pH in 46 characteristic point of the stream (Tab. 1). The sampling points were selected during the visitation of the sight and the basic criteria of the selection were specific geomorphologic and hydrological conditions and changes in the specific composition and development phases of the tree stand. Moreover, one of the sampling points has been established on the river Olza, which is an intake of water from the stream (point of comparison). Not only the main stream was studied but also inlets and springs. On the basis of the results of tests, 20 further sampling points were selected (Tab. 1). From these points water samples were collected for lab analyzes in November 2001. The analyzes of concentrations of F, Cl, HCO3, NO3, SO4, Na NH4, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and, Zn were performed with the use of the DIONEX-DX-320 ion chromatograph. In addition, conductivity and pH were also analyzed. As a result of these studies it has been found out that the springs in this area come from the active exchange zone and are well supplied by the infiltration of rainfall and therefore their quality is largely affected by the quality of rainfall sifted through and enriched by all horizons of forest ecosystems and the soil. Springs were found as a HCO3 - SO4. It was noticed a effect of different age of spruce stands - the youngest and the older one decreasing pH reaction and conductivity., whereas in beech stands were noticed the highest value in springs and in streams passing though. Moreover, basically able shortage of nitrogenous forms Nitrogen in mild initial sections of some streams, which may be an evidence of intensive development of microorganisms in these sections. It was also found the dependence of releasing Manganese and Zinc from the decrease in pH down to 5.5 with the intensively absorbing Manganese young development phases tree stands hamper its outflow with stream water. It was noticed higher quality of water flowing out of the studied catchment than that from the river Olza, which is an intake of water from the Dupniański stream, however, an increased content of ammonium Nitrogen in the stream comes from the decomposition of matter (litter). At the same time, in the fast flowing streams with stony streambeds the process of infiltration is limited (Tab. 1, 2).