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1
Content available Analysis of water consumption in 2014-2017 in Toruń
EN
This work analyses the variability of water consumption in Toruń over the years 2014-2017. The difference between the largest annual water consumption (2016) and the smallest (2014) was 13.2%. Higher consumption values typically occurred in the warm half-year, except in 2015. The lowest values occurred in the winter months (February), and the highest in the summer months (from June to August). The largest dayto-day variations in water abstraction were recorded at Easter and Christmas. There were differences between the average water consumption on particular days of the week, with the largest differences being between Saturdays (the highest value) and Sundays (the lowest value). Average unit water consumption was in the range of 58.2 to 67.3 dm3·M-1·d-1. On the basis of multiple regression analysis, a set of the factors with the greatest impact on the daily variability of water consumption in the city (in the warm half-year) was indicated. These factors include: evaporation, day of the week, humidity and maximum temperature.
EN
The need for elaboration of analytical devices of small dimensions and the accessibility of novel nanomaterials caused the increase in the number of publications referring to the development of biosensors. DNA-based biosensors are of special interest and they were primarily used for the determination of a specific sequence which is crucial in the detection of cancer, genetic mutations, pathogens, as well as analysis of modified food. Interestingly, they could be also applied for the detection of other analytes including heavy metal ions, especially in connection with electrochemical techniques. It should be noted that the design of DNA biosensor concerns not only the development of transducer, but also careful preparation of sensing layer and the choice of the method of analytical signal generation. Selectivity is one of the essential parameter of the biosensor that determines its utility, particularly in real samples of complex matrices. In case of DNA sensors dedicated for the detection of complementary sequence, high selectivity is provided by the hybridization process. A pronounced specificity of sensing layer-analyte interaction can be also achieved with the use of functional nucleic acids - aptamers, which change their conformation upon binding an analyte. Herein, DNA-modified electrodes were firstly used for the detection of uranyl ions, as they exhibit high affinity towards phosphate moieties of nuclec acids. It was shown that UO2 2+ interacts with sensing layer independently from the chosen oligonucleotide sequence. Moreover, the influence of Pb2+ was reduced by elimination of adenine, which strongly interacts with lead ions. Another oligonucleotide-based sensor was developed for detection of mercury ions. The results indicate that Hg2+ concentration can be determined only with the use of sequence containing 100% thymine residues. Oligonucleotide-based sensor with receptor layer containing aptamers was elaborated for the detection of Pb2+ ions. In the presence of lead cations, an aptamer probe forms a G-quadruplex structure, a proposed biosensor could be characterized with selectivity towards Pb2+ The performance of DNA-based sensors for UO2 2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ ions was optimized and addressed the choice of the manner of analytical signal generation, the influence of electrode modification with blocking agent, sensitivity dependence on the oligonucleotide sequence and the possibility of regeneration of sensing layer. Finally, the utility of proposed DNA sensors was tested by analysis in real samples.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono bilans glinu w procesie uzdatniania wody, w którym do koagulacji ujętej wody powierzchniowej wykorzystywane są koagulanty glinowe typu PAX 18 oraz PAX XLi. Bilans wykonano w oparciu o analizę procesu prowadzonego w Stacji Uzdatniania Wody „Drwęca - Jedwabno”, w której produkuje się wodę pitną dla miasta Torunia oraz sąsiadujących z nim gmin. Ostatecznym efektem przeprowadzonego bilansu jest rozstrzygnięcie problemu potencjalnego sposobu zagospodarowania osadów z klarowania wody pochodzących z SUW Drwęca-Jedwabno, którego wybór jest determinowany m.in. przez zawartość w osadzie związków glinu. Bilans został przeprowadzony w oparciu o dane technologiczne procesu uzdatniania oraz parametry wody w ciągu produkcyjnym i ścieków technologicznych. Jako główną przesłankę przeprowadzonego bilansu przyjęto konieczność analizy wszystkich początkowych i końcowych mirtów technologicznych (napływy i wypływy z badanego układu) oraz założenia 100-procentowego zbilansowania glinu w osadzie z klarowania wody, które zostało potwierdzone badaniami laboratoryjnymi.
EN
The paper presents the balance of aluminum in the water treatment process in which the coagulation recognized pollutants from surface water are used aluminum coagulants type PAX 18 and the XI.I. Balance is made based on the analysis of the process of the Water Treatment Station “Drwęca - Jedwabno”, which produces drinking water for the city of Toruń and its neighboring municipalities. The ultimate effect of the balance sheet is conducted resolve the problem of a potential method of sewage sludge from water clarification from the Water Treatment Station Drwęca-Jedwabno” whose choice is determined by, among others. b\ content in the sediment of aluminum compounds. The balance was carried out based on the data treatment process and technological parameters in the production of water. As the main premise conducted adopted balance the need to analyze all start and end technological trends (inflows and outflows from the test system) and the assumption of 100 percent aluminum balance in the sediment from water clarification. This assumption was confirmed by laboratory tests.
EN
With the treatment of water, especially surface waters, there is produced a high amount of sewage and sludge. They make up a serious ecology problem that due to a high volume and the content of sludge of iron or aluminium oxide-hydroxide or, pollution which occur in the intaken water (mineral and organic substances, algae, protozoa and bacteria) as well as the chemicals added. The environmental protection requires limiting materials as well as it makes you search for effective waste management problem-solving methods. The waste generated at present during water treatment most often undergo dehydration and drying and then they are deposited at the landfill site. The currently binding environmental protection law makes you look for the possibilities of the use of sludge as recycled materials, e.g. in brick factories, cement factories or with sewage treatment. Sludge containing aluminium or iron can be used e.g. in the process of municipal sewage treatment. The application of sludge containing aluminium for dephosphatation has the advantage of protecting the system from secondary release of precipitated phosphates in the environment deprived of dissolved oxygen. The possibilities of sludge application to remove phosphates differ, depend not only on the sludge characteristics but also on the sewage treatment process. The article demonstrates the results of research into using sludge derived from water treatment station in Lubicz to remove phosphates from sewage. At present the sludge after sedimentation and mechanical dehydration with the filtration press finally reaches the municipal landfill site. The sludge, applied for research, concentrated in settling vessels, is a mixture of post-coagulation sludge and washings from anthracite-sand and carbon filters. Its hydration accounting for 98,7% shows a high colour, above 80 mg Pt/dm3, it contains about 2,6 g/dm3 of aluminium as well as organic compounds expressed with BOD5 value equal 170 mg O2/dm3. The sludge shows a high COD of 3990 mg O2/dm3, and organic substance – for 31,6% of dry weight. The study of effectiveness of the removal of phosphates was made with the vessel test method. The sludge was dispensed at a changing volume from 0,5 to 100 cm3 per 1 dm3 of prepared water and then sewage. Both in water and in sewage there was recorded a 90% removal of phosphates by applying 80 cm3 of sludge per 1 dm3 of the sample. Additionally there was investigated the effect of dispensed sludge on the effectiveness of sewage treatment with the model of the treatment plant with rotating biological contactors. Applying the rate of 40 cm3 of sludge per 1 dm3 produced 96,0% elimination of COD, 97,7% removal of organic compounds characterised with the values of COD and BOD5 as well as 100% removal of phosphates. Finally it was found that it is possible to use the sludge to remove phosphates from sludge. During dephosphatation there was reported no use-up of the natural alkalinity of sewage. Sludge dispensing did not result in a decrease in the effectiveness of sewage treatment with the method of rotating biological contactors. The research is preliminary in nature and it needs to be continued.
EN
In this paper we have presented the modern process of wastewater treatment based on Toruń case study. The subsequent stages of mentioned process have been described putting attention to their specification in the considered city. We have pointed out the significant role of reverse and eco-logistics. Also the modernization of wastewater discharge and their further treatment systems has been mentioned. The role of logistics has been stressed out as a vital tool in ensuring an adequate and effective realization of processes aiming at assuring adequate water quality.
PL
W procesach technologicznych oczyszczania wody na cele komunalne powstają wody potechnologiczne, które zgodnie z obowiązującymi przepisami prawnymi należy poddać odzyskowi i zagospodarować. W ostatnich latach obserwuje się duże zainteresowanie możliwością zawracania wód potechnologicznych na początek układu oczyszczania wody. Istotną zaletą takiego rozwiązania jest obniżenie kosztów eksploatacyjnych zakładu i jednoczesna ochrona środowiska, a wadą możliwość skażenia oczyszczanej wody w przypadku niewłaściwej realizacji procesu recyrkulacji. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące ilości i składu fizyczno-chemicznego wody surowej, recyrkulowanej i oczyszczonej w zakładzie oczyszczania wody w Lubiczu. Analiza wyników badań wykazała, że recyrkulacja wód potechnologicznych w ilości wynoszącej średnio 4,7% całkowitej ilości wody wprowadzanej do ciągu technologicznego nie stanowi zagrożenia dla jakości wody oczyszczonej.
EN
Technological processes of water treatment for community use generate post-technological waters that, according to the binding regulations, shall be recovered and utilized. In the recent years, we have been observing an increase of interest in the possibility of redirecting the post-technological waters towards the beginning of the water treatment system. An important advantage of such solution is the reduction of exploitation costs of the plant and the environment protection; a disadvantage is the risk of contamination of the already treated water in the event of incorrect performance of the recirculation process. The article presents results of research on the volume and on the physical and Chemical composition of raw, recirculated and treated water in the water treatment plant in Lubicz. The analysis of the research results indicates that the post-technological waters recirculalion in the amount of, on average, 4.7% of the total volume of water introduced to the production process do not constitute any risk for the quality of the treated water.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono proces produkcji i dystrybucji wody w mieście na przykładzie Torunia. Scharakteryzowano poszczególne etapy wymienionych procesów, zwracając uwagę na ich specyfikę w badanym mieście. Odniesiono się również do wpływu szeregu czynników na zmniejszenie popytu na wodę. Wskazano na unowocześnienie zarówno procesu produkcji jak i dystrybucji wody, podkreślając jednocześnie znaczenie logistyki w sprawnym i efektywnym funkcjonowaniu przedsiębiorstwa.
EN
The paper presents the process of production and distribution of water in the example of Torun. Characterized the various stages of these processes, paying attention to their specificity in the test city. Reference was made also to the influence of several factors on the demand for water. Pointed to the modernization of both the production and distribution of water, underlining the importance of logistics in the efficient and effective functioning of the company.
8
Content available Low bod determination methods: the state-of-the-art
EN
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an important factor used to measure water pollution. This article reviews recent developments of microbial biosensors with respect to their applications for low BOD estimation. Four main methods to measure BOD using a biosensor are described: microbial fuel cells, optical methods, oxygen electrode based methods and mediator-based methods. Each of them is based on different principles, thus a different approach is required to improve the limit of detection. A proper choice of microorganisms used in the biosensor construction and/or sample pre-treatment processes is also essential to improve the BOD lower detection limit.
PL
Tuchola jest największym miastem położonym w Borach Tucholskich dużym kompleksie lasów sosnowych, wchodzącym w skład obszarów Natura 2000. W 1992 r. w Tucholi zbudowano oczyszczalnię ścieków typu mechaniczno-biologicznego z podwyższonym usuwaniem związków biogennych, odbierającą ścieki z terenu miasta i gminy Tuchola oraz gmin Cekcyn i Kęsowo. Od tamtej pory struga Kicz (zlewnia rzeki Brdy), odbierająca wcześniej ścieki nieoczyszczone, jest odbiornikiem ścieków oczyszczonych i jakość jej wód wzrosła. Celem badań była analiza wpływu ścieków oczyszczonych odprowadzanych z oczyszczalni ścieków do strugi Kicz na jakość wody tej strugi. W okresie od listopada 2008 roku do czerwca 2009 roku pobierano raz w miesiącu próbki wody ze strugi Kicz powyżej i poniżej ujścia ścieków oraz próbki ścieków nieoczyszczonych i oczyszczonych. Stwierdzono wysoką, choć niewystarczającą efektywność procesu oczyszczania ścieków w Oczyszczalni Ścieków w Tucholi. Na podstawie analizy statystycznej za pomocą testu kolejności par Wilcoxona stwierdzono istotnie gorszą jakość wody w strudze poniżej ujścia ścieków pod względem BZT5, azotanów(III) i (V) oraz chlorków. Zrzut ścieków nie miał natomiast istotnego wpływu na inne parametry jakości wody, tj. pH, ChZT, azot amonowy, fosforany i zawiesinę ogólną. Nadal niezbędne są działania prowadzące do poprawy jakości wody w strudze Kicz, przy czym w szczególności poprawy wymaga wartość ChZT.
EN
Tuchola (14,000 inhabitants) is the biggest town in Bory Tucholskie one of the largest pine forest complex in Poland, which is at the same time a part of Natura 2000. There are 4 natural landscape parks and 17 nature reserves in Bory Tucholskie. Until 1992 untreated sewage from Tuchola was discharged to Kicz stream (within Brda catchment), thus the values of water quality indicators in the stream significantly exceeded the national requirements (among others BOD5, phosphates, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, bacteriological indices). In 1992 a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Tuchola was built, which was in accordance with ecological politics of Poland, aiming among others at enhancing water quality. WWTP in Tuchola is of mechanical-biological type with enhanced removal of biogenic compounds and it collects sewage from Tuchola town and commune areas, and from Cekcyn and Kęsowo communes. Despite the fact that since 1992 water quality in Kicz and Brda has significantly increased, in 2000 the values of some water quality indicators were still too high. The aim of the research was to analyze the influence of treated sewage discharged from WWTP in Tuchola to Kicz stream on the stream water quality. The efficiency of wastewater treatment process in WWTP in Tuchola was also evaluated, and water in Kicz stream was classified as adequate quality class. In the period from November 2008 to June 2009 once a month samples of surface water from Kicz stream above and below sewage outlet were taken, as well as samples of untreated and treated sewage from WWTP in Tuchola. On the same day, the samples were analyzed for various water quality indices, i.e. COD, BOD5, ammonium nitrogen, nitrates(V) and (III), total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ortophosphates, chlorides, total suspended solids and pH. Based on calculated reduction coefficients it was found that in case of BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, phosphates, ammonium nitrogen and total nitrogen the efficiency of WWTP work is high. However the total nitrogen concentration in treated sewage was slightly above the values required. By comparing the results of analyzes of water samples from Kicz stream above and below the treated sewage outlet with the use of non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank paired test, it was found that the water quality is significantly worse below the sewage outlet in case of BOD5, nitrates(III) and (V), and chlorides. Values of pH, COD, ammonium nitrogen, phosphates and total suspended solids did not differ significantly in water above and below the sewage outlet. The obtained results of water analyzes in Kicz stream indicate that in case of COD the water quality is poor. BOD5 value corresponds to II quality class, whereas the concentration of nitrates(V) and ammonium nitrogen water on the border of I//II class. With respect to pH, chlorides and total suspended solids water of Kicz stream is of very good quality (I class). Thus, in spite of significant increase in water quality of Kicz stream after the rise of WWTP, activities are still needed to ensure more efficient work of WWTP.
PL
Wody podziemne są obecnie coraz częściej wykorzystywane jako źródło wody pitnej i stosowanej do celów bytowo-gospodarczych. W Toruniu ujęcia wody podziemnej używanej na potrzeby zaopatrzenia miasta w wodę pitną obejmują czwartorzędowy poziom wodonośny. Celem badań było określenie jakości wód jednego z ujęć wody podziemnej w Toruniu - "Wrzosy II", analiza zmian wybranych parametrów tych wód oraz porównanie różnych punktów pobierania wody. Badania oparto o wyniki analiz prób wody podziemnej, pobieranych w latach 2005-2009 dwa razy w roku, w pięciu studniach ujęcia "Wrzosy II". Wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej. W celu określenia zmian stężeń oznaczanych analitów posłużono się średnimi wartościami rocznymi, a do porównania punktów pobierania próbek wykorzystano analizę czynnikową (FA) opartą na analizie składowych głównych. Jakość badanych wód była na pograniczu wód klasy I i wód klasy II. Największą zmienność stężenia wykazywały substancje biogeniczne: azotany (V) i fosforany oraz azotany (III) i amoniak. Zaobserwowano wzrostowy trend poziomu stężeń jonów azotanowych i fosforanowych, spowodowany antropogenicznymi ogniskami skażeń wód podziemnych. Konieczne wydaje się ograniczenie emisji substancji biogenicznych z pobliskich osiedli domków jednorodzinnych. Zidentyfikowano studnie o najlepszej jakości wody oraz stwierdzono, iż obecnie jakość wód polepsza się poprzez zmniejszanie stężenia jonów żelaza i manganu.
EN
Groundwater is presently more and more often used as a source of drinking water as well as water for household purposes. In Toruń water intake areas of groundwater used for providing the city with drinking water are in the quaternary aquifer. The aim of the research was to determine water quality of one of the groundwater intake areas in Toruń - "Wrzosy II", analysis of changes in several parameters of the groundwater and comparison of various water intake points. The study was based on the results of analyses of groundwater samples, taken twice a year in 2005-2009, from five wells of the water intake area "Wrzosy II". The results were analysed statistically. In order to determine changes in concentration of the investigated analytes yearly means were used, whereas to compare the sampling points factor analysis (FA) was exploited, based on principal component analysis. The water quality was found to be on the border between lst and 2nd class. The most distinctive variability in concentration was found for biogenic substances: nitrates and phosphates, and nitrites and ammonia. Increasing trend was observed in the concentration of nitrate and phosphate ions, which was caused by anthropogenic centres of groundwater pollution. It seems vital to limit the emission of biogenic substances from nearby districts of detached houses. Wells of best water quality were identified and it was found that presently water quality becomes better due to decrease in concentration of iron and manganese ions.
EN
Miniaturized back-side contact (BSC) sensors with inner gold electrode modified with self--assembled monolayers (SAM) have been utilized as polentiometric and vollammetric sensors. Na+, H+, C+ and Ca2+-seleclive electrodes were obtained by modification of DSC sensors with ferrocene-terminated thiol-based monolayer and photocured polyacrylate membrane. the obtained sensors exhibited near-Nernstian responses, comparable with the responses of conventional PVC or silicon rubber-based electrodes described in the literature. Other parameters, i.e. linear ranges and selectivity coefficients seemed to be even better in case of the designed sensors. The possibility of application of the designed BSC transducer in voltammetric detection has been also examined. Determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid has been chosen as a model system. For this purpose, inner gold electrode was modified with a monolayer of N-acely Icy steine. As it was reported earlier in the literature, good separation of the oxidation potentials of these compounds has been obtained.
PL
W niniejszej pracy zostaiy przedstawione wyniki badań nad konstrukcją sensorów potencjometry cznych i woltamperometrycznych z zastosowaniem miniaturowych przetworników z elektrodą złotą i tylnym wyprowadzeniem kontaktu elektrycznego. Elektrody selektywne na jony Na+, H+, C+ and Ca2+, K+ oraz Ca2+ zostały przygotowane pr/cz modyfikację czujników monowarstwą tiolową z grupami ferrocenowymi oraz poprzez naniesienie fotopoli meryzowanej membrany poliakrylanowej. Wytworzone sensory charakteryzowały się odpowiedzią bliską nernstowskiej, bardzo zbliżoną do odpowiedzi klasycznych elektrod z membranami z PCW oraz z gumy silikonowej. Inne parametry, takie jak zakres liniowej odpowiedzi oraz współczynniki selekly wności. były nawet leps/e dla badanych miniaturowych sensorów. Sensory ze złotą elektrodą zostały także zastosowane do pomiarów woltampero metrycznych. Jako modelowy układ analityczny wybrano oznaczanie dopaminy w obecności kwasu askorbinowego. W tym celu sensory zmodyfikowano monowarstwą N-acetylocysleiny. Zgodnie z danymi literaturowymi, możliwe było rozdzielenie pików utleniania obydwu związków.
PL
Przedstawiono na podstawie studium literaturowego zastosowania detektora fotojonizacyjnego Iphotoionization detector - PID) w analizie środowiskowej. Omówiono zarówno kierunki wykorzystania w bezpośrednich metodach analitycznych jako czujnika, jak i w oznaczeniach chromatograficznych. Przedstawiono budowę i zasadę działania detektora oraz różne warianty instalowania detektora w układzie chromatograficznym, a także sposoby łączenia go z innymi detektorami. Podano również spotykane w literaturze metody analityczne stosujące detektor fotojonizacyjny.
EN
On the basis of literature studies the applications of photoionization detector (PID) in environmental analysis were presented. Examples were given both for direct analytical applications as a sensor and in chromatographic determinations. The construction and principle of operation, including different variants of PID installation in chromatographic systems have been described. The analytical procedures using photoionization detector were also given.
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