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1

I built it not for you, you should build it for yourself, cracow architect Władysław Ekielski and his own house

Jurek A.

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2018

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nr 33

269--286

EN

The article shows life and creativity of Władysław Ekielski (1855-1927) as a one of the most creative architects of his age. Projects and notes unpublished so far are the basis for a more complete understanding of the architect's work. The legacy of professor Ekielski includes not only dozens of articles, designed residential buildings, but also public buildings in the city of Cracow, and on the areas of Western Galicia.

PL

Artykuł ukazuje częściowo życie i twórczość Władysława Ekielskiego (1855-1927), jako wybitnego architekta swojej epoki. Nieopublikowane dotąd projekty i notatki są podstawą do pełniejszego zrozumienia twórczości architekta. Spuścizna po profesorze Ekielskim obejmuje nie tylko dziesiątki artykułów, zrealizowanych budynków mieszkalnych ale także obiektów użyteczności publicznej na terenie miasta Krakowa, jak również na terenach ówczesnej zachodniej Galicji.

2

Inactivation of Ascaris suum Eggs During the Process of Sewage Sludge Composting in Piles

Budzińska K., Szejniuk B., Jurek A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2016

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Tom 18, cz. 1

258--272

EN

The purpose of the performed study was to determine the effectiveness of Ascaris suum eggs inactivation in the composting sewage sludge. Materials used in this experiment was sewage sludge derived from mechanical and biological sewage treatment, dehydrated on the belt press. In addition to sludge, straw and hydrated lime in the ratio 1: 0.7: 0.1 was used. Preparation of the compost mixture involved mixing sewage sludge with particular components with a dung spreader. A pile was built of the prepared material, with the cross section of a trapezium with the following dimensions: the lower base 2.5 m, the upper base 1.5 m, the height of 1.3 m and the length of 5.0 m. The pile was turned using a dung spreader every day in the 1st and 2nd week, twice a week in the 3rd week, whereas in 4th, 5th and 6th week turning was performed once a week. Then the compost was subjected to maturation for successive 10 weeks. To determine the effect of composting process on the inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs, we placed perforated perlon sacks containing 1 ml of Ascaris suumegg suspension each, at three pile levels at the following heights: top – 90 cm, middle – 60 cm; bottom – 30 cm. After such preparation, the samples with Ascaris suum eggs were introduced into the composted material and collected from different parts of the pile to evaluate vitality on 11, 28, 37, 42, 51 and 64 days of composting. Calculations were made for 200 eggs. Eggs were sought in each sample in a phase of embryonic development or larvae. At the start of the experiment, the percentage of live eggs in the composted material stayed at a similar level in all parts of the pile, within the range from 87.1 to 89.0%. After 10 days of composting, the presence of numerous invasive Ascaris eggs was still recorded, equally in the top (82.6%), middle (85.5%) and bottom (86.6%) parts of the pile. In the present study, a marked increase in inactivation of enteric parasite eggs was recorded after 28 days of composting. Then the average percentage of dead eggs were accounted for 32.8%. Next 11 days of composting had a destructive effect on the eggs of those parasites. In that period, almost 50.0% elimination of eggs was observed in the middle and top parts of the pile. The eggs placed in carriers in the bottom layer of the pile were characterized with a slower dying rate. A rapid decrease in the number of invasive eggs was recorded after the 42nd day of the experiment, when the inactivation of eggs at a level of 80.2% was observed, on average for the whole pile. On 51st day of composting, single invasive eggs were observed only in samples collected from the lower part of the pile (2.4%). On the 64th day of the experiment, no live parasite eggs were found in composted sewage sludge. It was shown that inactivation of nematodes depends, among other things, on the time and temperature of composted material. High temperatures generated during the process (50-70°C) contributed to the complete elimination of parasite eggs at all three layers of the compost piles and allowed for obtaining compost which was safe in respect of sanitary state.

PL

Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu określenie skuteczności inaktywacji jaj Ascaris suum w procesie kompostowania osadów ściekowych. W doświadczeniu wykorzystano osady ściekowe pochodzące z mechaniczno-biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków, odwodnionych na prasie taśmowej Do kompostowania zastosowano oprócz osadów słomę i wapno hydratyzowane w stosunku 1: 0,7: 0,1. Przygotowanie mieszaniny kompostowej polegało na wymieszaniu osadu ściekowego z poszczególnymi komponentami za pomocą rozrzutnika obornika. Z tak przygotowanego materiału usypano pryzmę o przekroju poprzecznym trapezu o wymiarach: podstawa dolna 2,5 m, podstawa górna 1,5 m, wysokość 1,3 m i długość 5 m. Prymę przerzucano w 1 i 2 tygodniu codziennie, w trzecim dwukrotnie, natomiast 4, 5 i 6 przerzucanie odbywało się raz na tydzień. Następnie kompost był poddawany dojrzewaniu przez kolejne 10 tygodni. W celu określenia wpływu procesu kompostowania na inaktywację jaj pasożytów Ascaris suum w trzech poziomach pryzmy na wysokości: góra – 90 cm, środek – 60 cm; dół – 30 cm umieszczono perforowane perlonowe woreczki zawierające po 1 ml zawiesiny jaj Ascaris suum. Przygotowane w ten sposób próbki z jajami Ascaris suum wprowadzano do kompostowanego materiału i pobierano do oceny żywotności w 11, 28, 37, 42, 51 i 64 dniu kompostowania z poszczególnych części pryzmy. Obliczenia prowadzono dla 200 jaj dla każdej próbki poszukiwano jaj w fazach rozwoju embrionalnego lub z larwą. Na początku doświadczenia odsetek żywych jaj w kompostowanym materiale kształtował się na zbliżonym poziomie we wszystkich częściach pryzmy w zakresie od 87 do 89%. Po 10 dniach kompostowania nadal odnotowano występowanie licznych inwazyjnych jaj Ascaris, zarówno w górnej (82,6%), środkowej (85,5%), jak i dolnej części pryzmy (86,6%). W badaniach własnych znaczący wzrost inaktywacji jaj pasożytów jelitowych odnotowano po 28 dniach kompostowania, wówczas odsetek jaj zamarłych wynosił średnio 32,8%. Kolejne 11 dni kompostowania wpływało destrukcyjnie na jaja tych pasożytów, w okresie tym stwierdzono prawie 50% eliminację jaj w części środkowej i górnej pryzmy. Wolniejszym tempem zamieralności cechowały się jaja umieszczone w nośnikach w warstwie dolnej pryzmy. Gwałtowny spadek liczby inwazyjnych jaj stwierdzono po 42 dniu doświadczenia, w którym średnio dla całej pryzmy stwierdzono inaktywację jaj na poziomie 80% . W 51 dniu kompostowania pojedyncze inwazyjne jaja obserwowano jedynie w próbkach pobranych z dolnej części pryzmy (2,4%). W 64 dniu doświadczenia w kompostowanych osadach ściekowych nie stwierdzono obecności żywych jaj pasożytów. Wykazano, że inaktywacja nicieni zależy między innymi od czasu i temperatury kompostowanego materiału. Wysoka temperatura generowana w trakcie procesu (50-70°C) przyczyniła się do całkowitej redukcji jaj pasożytów we wszystkich trzech warstwach pryzm kompostowych oraz umożliwiła uzyskanie bezpiecznego pod względem sanitarnym kompostu.

3

Elimination of Bacteria Listeria monocytogenes in Sewage from Meat Industry in Varied Temperature Conditions

Szejniuk B., Budzińska K., Jurek A., Traczykowski A., Michalska M., Berleć K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2016

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Tom 18, cz. 1

231--245

EN

Sewage from the meat processing industry present a potential risk to the water environment, due to the presence of many pathogenic microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes. Contamination of untreated sewage with those bacteria is high, which is expressed by the percentage of positive samples reaching up to 93%. The aim of the study was to determine the elimination rate of three chosen strains of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111; ATCC 19114 and ATCC 19115 in meat processing post-production sewage at temperatures 4 and 20°C. Experiments were conducted according to the standard of EN ISO 11290-2:1998/A1:2004. At the beginning of the experiment, in sewage samples stored at 4°C the number of cells of L. monocytogenes ATCC 19111was amounted to 1.5·108 cfu/ml, the number of ATCC 19114 was 2.5·108 cfu/ml, however the number of ATCC 19115 was 7.5·107 cfu/ml. In the initial period of the study, i.e. for the first 4 weeks, a slight decrease by one logarithmic unit of the L. monocytogenes cells number was observed in the first two strains, whereas of the strain ATCC 19115 by two units. In the 11th week of the study there was a marked decrease in the number of indicator bacteria to a level of 101 cfu in 1 ml of sewage. In the next week of the experiment, no cells of L. monocytogenes. ATCC 19111 or ATCC 19115 were noticed in the sewage, whereas bacteria of the strain ATCC 19114 were inactivated first in the 14th week of the study. In the temperature of 4°C it was shown, that the weekly elimination rate of bacteria L. monocytogenes derived from sewage ranged from 0.66 (ATCC 19114) to 0.81 (ATCC 19111) log cfu/ml. Cells of the strain ATCC 19115 expired at a rate of 0.74 log cfu/week. In sewage stored at 20°C the initial number of cells of individual L.monocytogenes strains was at the same level as in sewage stored at 4°C. After the first week of the experiment no rapid decrease was recorded in the number of the studied bacteria, and it ranged from 7.5·107 to 2.5·108 cfu/ml. In the strain ATCC 9111, after 4 weeks of the experiment there was a decrease in the number of bacteria by 4 logarithmic units, whereas in ATCC 19115 by 5 logarithmic units. Cells of the strain ATCC 19114 were isolated from sewage at 20°C for the longest time, since in the 5th week of the study they still had a level of 1.5·101 cfu/ml, whereas the other two strains underwent inactivation earlier. Statistical calculations showed that weekly elimination rate of the tested bacteria at 20°C was different for individual strains and amounted respectively to 2.03 log cfu (ATCC 19111), 1.86 log cfu (ATCC 19114) and 1.75 log cfu (ATCC 19115). Obtained results of the present study proved that during the experiment all the tested strains of L. monocytogenes survived shorter at 20°C than at 4°C. In the presented study the theoretical maximal survival time of L. monocytogenes at 4°C calculated from regression equations was the longest for the strain ATCC 19114 and amounted to 14.50 weeks (102 days), whereas cells of the two other strains, ATCC 19111 and ATCC 19115, survived definitely shorter, from 11.90 weeks (84 days) and 11.60 weeks (82 days). At 20°C, the survival time of the tested strains was similar and ranged from 5.3 weeks (37 days) to 5.7 weeks (40 days).

PL

Ścieki z zakładów przetwórstwa mięsnego stanowią potencjalne zagrożenie dla środowiska wodnego z powodu obecności w nich wielu drobnoustrojów patogennych, w tym pałeczek Listeria monocytogenes. Kontaminacja tymi bakteriami ścieków nieoczyszczonych jest wysoka o czym świadczy odsetek pozytywnych próbek osiągający poziom do 93%. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było ustalenie tempa eliminacji trzech wybranych szczepów Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111; ATCC 19114 oraz ATCC 19115 w ściekach poprodukcyjnych z przetwórstwa mięsnego w temperaturze 4 i 20°C. Badania przeprowadzono zgodnie z normą EN ISO 11290-2:1998/A1:2004. Na początku eksperymentu w próbkach ścieków przechowywanych w temperaturze 4°C liczba komórek L. monocytogenes ATCC 19111 wynosiła 1,5 108 jtk/ml, ATCC 19114 przyjmowała wartość 2,5 108 cfu/ml, natomiast ATCC 19115 – 7,5 107 jtk/ml. W początkowym okresie badań przez pierwsze 4 tygodnie odnotowano nieznaczny spadek liczby komórek L. monocytogenes w przypadku dwóch pierwszych szczepów o jedną jednostkę logarytmiczną, natomiast w przypadku szczepu ATCC 19115 o dwie jednostki. W 11 tygodniu badań nastąpiło zdecydowane obniżenie liczby bakterii wskaźnikowych do poziomu 101jtk w 1 ml ścieków. W kolejnym tygodniu eksperymentu nie odnotowano w ściekach obecności komórek L. monocytogenes ATCC 19111 i ATCC 19115, natomiast bakterie szczepu ATCC 19114 uległy inaktywacji dopiero w 14 tygodniu badań. W temperaturze 4°C wykazano tygodniowe tempo eliminacji bakterii L. monocytogenes ze ścieków od 0,66 (ATCC 19115) do 0,81 (ATCC 19111) log jtk/ml. Z kolei komórki szczepu ATCC 19114 obumierały w tempie 0,74 log jtk/tydzień. W ściekach przechowywanych w temperaturze 20°C początkowa liczba komórek poszczególnych szczepów L.monocytogenes kształtowała się na takim samym poziomie, jak w ściekach w temperaturze 4°C. W przypadku szczepu ATCC 9111 po 4 tygodniach doświadczenia nastąpiło obniżenie liczby bakterii o 4 jednostki logarytmiczne, natomiast w przypadku ATCC 19115 aż o 5 jednostek logarytmicznych. Najdłużej izolowano ze ścieków w temperaturze 20°C komórki szczepu ATCC 19114, ponieważ w 5 tygodniu badań występowały one jeszcze na poziomie 1,5∙101 jtk/ml, gdy tymczasem dwa pozostałe szczepy uległy wcześniej inaktywacji. Obliczenia statystyczne wykazały, że tygodniowe tempo eliminacji badanych bakterii w temperaturze 20°C było zróżnicowane dla poszczególnych szczepów i wynosiło odpowiednio 2,03 log jtk (ATCC 19111), 1,86 log jtk (ATCC 19114) i 1,75 log jtk (ATCC 19115). Uzyskane wyniki badań dowiodły, że w trakcie doświadczenia wszystkie testowane szczepy L. monocytogenes przeżywały krócej w temperaturze 20°C niż w temperaturze 4°C. Teoretyczny maksymalny czas przeżycia pałeczek L. monocytogenes w temperaturze 4°C był najdłuższy dla szczepu ATCC 19114 i wynosił 14,5 tygodni (102 dni), natomiast komórki dwóch pozostałych szczepów ATCC 19111 i ATCC 19115 przeżywały zdecydowanie krócej od 11,9 tygodnia (84 dni) i 11,6 tygodnia (82 dni). Z kolei w temperaturze 20°C czas przeżycia testowanych szczepów był podobny i wynosił od 5,3 tygodni (37 dni) do 5,7 tygodni (40 dni).

4

Wpływ niewłaściwej gospodarki ściekowej i rolnej na stan fizykochemiczny wód jeziora Głęboczek kilka lat po rekultywacji

Berleć K., Traczykowski A., Budzińska K., Szejniuk B., Michalska M., Jurek A., Guścior A., Majewska M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 2

1449--1462

EN

Bodies of water are very sensitive to environmental changes and play an important role in nutrient cycle in their catchment. Due to their natural features such as reduction of the land fill, they may cumulate organic matter from the catchment. Excess supply of nutrients to water bodies contributes to gradual water eutrophication. This process can occur rapidly, particularly in shallow lakes, which are more susceptible to degradation. This also results in deterioration of habitat conditions for many organisms and limits the economic use of water. Eutrophication may lead to gradual shallowing and shrinkage of water bodies, and, consequently, to disappearance of lakes. Thus, proper diagnosis and reduction in the amount of pollutants flowing into lakes are key factors to improve water quality and prevent their further degradation. Lake Głęboczek, like many other urban lakes year were powered by sewage. As a result, the tank has ceased to be an attractive element of urbanized land, and became the object of nuisance for residents, often acting health risks. For this reason, the lake has undergone numerous Głęboczek reclamation treatment and protection. The object of this study was rehabilitated water from the lake Głęboczek in Tuchola. Samples were taken 12-fold in 3 places during the period from March 2011 to February 2012. In the tested water was determined by the colorimetric method phosphorus, phosphate, nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, and aluminum. Additionally, the pH and temperature. Lake Głęboczek is a reservoir, which is heavily influenced by human activities, direct and indirect. This is due to the central location of the water, the entire drainage area is densely populated and intensively exploited for agricultural purposes. One of the most important elements harboring an increase in trophic status of the lake, is its low average depth. In addition to the lake Głęboczek not affect any river, which prevents water exchange and causes the accumulation of pollutants. Both the results of their own and other authors suggest that the degree of eutrophication of the lake Głęboczek apparently decreased. The level of biogenic elements and their compounds was higher than the results obtained in 2001 (after restoration), which may indicate improper sewage and agricultural economy in the catchment of the lake. Oversize nutrient content indicate a renewed increase in trophic lake.

5

Eliminacja bakterii nitkowatych w osadzie czynnym pod wpływem wybranych koagulantów i związków utleniających

Budzińska K., Bochenek M., Traczykowski A., Szejniuk B., Pasela R., Jurek A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 2

1569--1586

EN

The activated sludge method is most frequently used at the stage of biological waste water treatment. The main reason for improper sludge sedimentation is the excessive growth of filamentous bacteria leading to disturbances in technological processes of sewage treatment plants, such as formation of swollen, flowing out sludge, foam transforming in to a thick surface scum, which consequently contributes to a decrease in the effectiveness of removing pollutions from sewage. There is a growing tendency to make attempts aiming at optimizing the chemical methods used to eliminate filamentous bacteria which often constitute a factor limiting proliferation of those bacteria. Accordingly, research was undertaken to estimate the effect of some iron and aluminum coagulants and oxidizing compounds (chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite) on the elimination of filamentous bacteria in the activated sludge in the aspect of sewage treatment effectiveness. Activated sludge was collected from the mechanical and biological sewage treatment plant situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodeship. The study was carried out using a laboratory biological reactor graduated to reflect the technological parameters of the sewage treatment plant. Analyses involved determination of physicochemical parameters (total suspensions, sludge volumetric index, sludge density index) and the microscopic evaluation of activated sludge (floc parameters, the composition of microfauna, the Sludge Biotic Index, the quantitative and species composition of filamentous bacteria). At the next stage of the experiment, water solution of iron chloride, water solution of polyaluminum chloride, chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite were proportioned to the activated sludge. At the same time, samples of activated sludge were analyzed without chemical reagents. After a week, the effect of applied reagents on the quantitative and species composition of filamentous bacteria and the other components of activated sludge biocenosis was evaluated. It was proved that activated sludge subjected to analyses was characterized by poor sedimentation properties, resulted from the excessive proliferation of filamentous bacteria of which the most numerous, dominant group was the species Microthrix parvicella. Best effects of filamentous bacteria elimination were recorded after the use of aluminum coagulant, which selectively affected filamentous microorganisms, effectively limiting their excessive proliferation and at the same time not exerting the negative impact on the other organisms of activated sludge. The preparation affected favorable values of the Sludge Biotic Index, which did not substantially differ from that parameter in the control sample. Polyaluminum chlorite caused elimination of the bacteria Sphaerotilus natans and a considerable decrease in the numbers of type 0041micro-organisms. At the same time that preparation contributed to improving sedimentation properties of activated sludge flocs, as a result of which the volumetric index values were decreased in successive research samples, whereas the density index increased. The applied sodium hypochlorite contributed to the elimination of filamentous bacteria, and at the same time it slightly decreased the other parameters of activated sludge. It was indicated that chlorine dioxide contributed to a considerable decrease in diversity of activated sludge microfauna, causing a decrease in the number of crawling ciliates on the flocs and sedentary forms of those macroorganisms. Moreover an increase in the number of bacteriocidal free-floating protozoa and small flagellates resulted in a substantial decrease in the IBO value. The highest doses of reagent caused impoverishment of the biocenosis, which resulted in a decrease in the biotic index values by 7 units in relation to the control sample, activated sludge in those samples was qualified as IV class of sludge quality. The best effects in filamentous bacteria elimination were recorded after the use of aluminum preparation and chlorine compounds (chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite).

6

Zawartość azotu i fosforu w wodach rekultywowanego Jeziora Mogileńskiego

Berleć K., Traczykowski A., Budzińska K., Szejniuk B., Michalska M., Jurek A., Sulewski M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2015

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T. 94, nr 11

1949-1953

PL

Zawartości pierwiastków biogennych i ich związków w wodzie Jeziora Mogileńskiego były wyższe od wyników uzyskanych w 2001 r. (zaraz po rekultywacji), co mogło świadczyć o niewłaściwej gospodarce ściekowej i rolnej w zlewni jeziora. Ponadnormatywna zawartość substancji biogennych wskazywała na ponowny wzrost trofii jeziora.

EN

Water from Mogileńskie Lake was studied for content of PO₄³⁻ ions, total P as well as nitrate(V), nitrate(III) and N-NH₄. The total P content was 0.029–0.798 mg/dm³, PO₄³⁻ 0.07–0.34 mg/dm³, total N 10.4–11.9 mg/dm³, NO₃⁻ 8.1–11.9 mg/dm³, NO₂⁻0.16–0.35 mg/dm³ and NH₄⁺ 0.09–0.21 mg/dm³.

7

Wpływ siarczanu żelaza(III) i kwasu nadoctowego na właściwości osadu czynnego

Szejniuk B., Traczykowski A., Budzińska K., Jurek A., Berleć K., Bochenek M., Michalska M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2015

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T. 94, nr 10

1845-1849

PL

Zbadano wpływ siarczanu żelaza(III) i kwasu nadoctowego na właściwości osadu czynnego, opierając się na wskaźnikach fizykochemicznych i mikrobiologicznych (indeks osadowy, indeks gęstości, zawiesiny ogólne, indeks biotyczny osadu, bakterie nitkowate). Zastosowane w doświadczeniu reagenty chemiczne wpływały na skład ilościowy i gatunkowy biocenozy osadu czynnego. Siarczan żelaza stanowił czynnik limitujący proliferację bakterii nitkowatych, jednak ograniczał w znacznym stopniu rozwój pozostałych elementów mikrofauny. Dozując siarczan żelaza(III) w dawce powyżej 6 g/kg s.m. zawiesin ogólnych (ZO), stwierdzono tendencję zmniejszenia ilości bakterii nitkowatych oraz obniżenie wartości indeksu biotycznego osadu. Kwas nadoctowy jako reagent nieselektywnie utleniający niekorzystnie wpływał na właściwości osadu czynnego, gdyż powodował znaczny wzrost proliferacji morfotypów bakterii nitkowatych już przy najniższej dawce. Jednocześnie kwas ten negatywnie wpływał na biocenozę osadu czynnego, co powodowało obniżenie indeksu biotycznego osadu o 8 jednostek w 10-stopniowej skali.

EN

An activated sludge was treated with Fe2(SO4)3 (5–7 g/kg dry mass) and AcOOH (0.15–0.75 mg/kg dry mass) to change the suspension content, sediment index and d. index of the sludge. The addn. resulted in decrease of the biotic sediment index but did not result in any substantial decrease in the filamentous bacteria no.

8

Higienizacja osadów ściekowych z wykorzystaniem wapna palonego i hydratyzowanego

Budzińska K., Traczykowski A., Szejniuk B., Jurek A., Pasela R., Berleć K., Michalska M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2015

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T. 94, nr 4

614-618

PL

Zbadano wpływ zróżnicowanych dawek wapna palonego i hydratyzowanego na higienizację osadów ściekowych zawierających bakterie Salmonella enteritidis. Dawką CaO zapewniającą całkowitą eliminację tych bakterii było 220 g/kg s.m. po 24 h kontaktu, a w przypadku Ca(OH)₂ 300 g/kg s.m. po 48 h. Stosując Ca(OH)₂, oczekiwane efekty higienizacyjne można uzyskać przy niższych dawkach po wydłużeniu czasu oddziaływania.

EN

Sewage sludge was treated with CaO or Ca(OH)₂ (doses up to 350 g/kg of dry mass) for 96 h to eliminate Salmonella enteritidis bacteria. Full hygienization of the sludge was achieved after 1 h when CaO doses 250 g/kg or Ca(OH)₂ doses 350 g/kg were used.

9

The influence of grout used in borehole vertical ground heat exchangers on heat flux from the ground

Jurek A.

Structure and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 6, no. 3

45--50

EN

This paper describes a process for the non-stationary heat transfer that occurs between the vertical ground heat exchanger, surrounded by grout and the surrounding ground. Mathematical model of this phenomenon and its exemplary solution using the method of elementary balances were presented. Numerical calculations were performed using Mathcad. As a result, the set temperature field is formed in the wall of the heat exchanger, in the grout and also in the ground surrounding the U-tube and the amount of heat extracted from ground in the case of not including the occurrence of filling and using a variety of commonly used grouts.

10

Wpływ chlorku glinu i nadtlenku wodoru na eliminację bakterii nitkowatych w osadzie czynnym

Traczykowski A., Szejniuk B., Budzińska K., Bochenek M., Jurek A., Sulewski M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2014

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T. 93, nr 4

555-558

PL

Przedstawiono wpływ zastosowania zróżnicowanych dawek chlorku glinu i nadtlenku wodoru na eliminację bakterii nitkowatych występujących w osadzie czynnym wykorzystywanym do oczyszczania ścieków bytowo-gospodarczych. Dowiedziono, że chlorek glinu nie wykazuje negatywnego wpływu na biocenozę osadu czynnego przy zadowalającym stopniu obniżania liczby bakterii nitkowatych. Nadtlenek wodoru nie wpływał korzystnie ani na skład biocenozy osadu czynnego, ani na eliminację bakterii nitkowatych.

EN

Activated sludge was treated with AlCl₃ and H₂O₂ to eliminate filamentous bacteria. AlCl₃ did not show any negative impact on the biocenosis of activated sludge but reduced the bacteria no. H₂O₂ neither influenced positively the compn. of the biocenosis nor eliminated the bacteria.

11

Skuteczność dezynfekcji ścieków z przemysłu celulozowego z zastosowaniem ditlenku chloru i nadtlenku wodoru

Budzińska K., Traczykowski A., Szejniuk B., Jurek A., Rostek A., Kupczyński R.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2014

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T. 93, nr 12

2279-2282

PL

W związku z częstym występowaniem mikroorganizmów chorobotwórczych w ściekach po klasycznych mechaniczno-biologicznych etapach oczyszczania podjęto badania mające na celu określenie skuteczności dezynfekcji ścieków ditlenkiem chloru i nadtlenkiem wodoru. Jako drobnoustrój wskaźnikowy wybrano bakterie Salmonella enteritidis. Przeprowadzone doświadczenie pozwoliło na ustalenie optymalnych dawek zastosowanych dezynfektantów. Stężenie CI02na poziomie 320 mg/dm3 po 2 h oraz 2660 mg/dm3 H202 po 1 h oddziaływania przyczyniło się do całkowitej inaktywacji pałeczek Salmonella ze ścieków.

EN

A mixt. of industrial and municipal sludges (after mech. and biol. treatment) was treated with CI02 or H202 to eliminate Salmonella enteritidis bacteria. Both use of CI02324 mg/L for 2 h and H202 2760 mg/L for 1 h resulted in a complete inactivation of Salmonella rods in the wastewater. The results were presented as regression equations.

12

Zanieczyszczenie mikrobiologiczne powietrza w budynku dla trzody chlewnej

Budzińska K., Szejniuk B., Jurek A., Traczykowski A., Michalska M., Berleć K.

Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej

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2014

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R. 22, nr 4

91--100

PL

Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu ocenę zanieczyszczenia bakteriologicznego i mikologicznego powietrza w budynku przeznaczonym do chowu warchlaków i tuczników. Próbki powietrza do badań pobierano 8-krotnie w okresie wiosenno-letnim i jesienno-zimowym za pomocą aparatu Sas 100. W powietrzu oznaczono ogólną liczbę bakterii, w tym gronkowce, paciorkowce, bakterie z rodziny Enterobacteriaceae oraz ogólną liczbę grzybów pleśniowych i drożdżopodobnych. Dokonano również identyfikacji gatunkowej wyizolowanych z powietrza drobnoustrojów. Jednocześnie wykonywano pomiary temperatury, wilgotności względnej, prędkości ruchu powietrza, zapylenia oraz oświetlenia naturalnego. Uzyskane wyniki dowiodły, że występowało znaczne zanieczyszczenie mikrobiologiczne powietrza w badanej chlewni, które przekraczało dopuszczalne wartości normatywne dla tego typu pomieszczeń. Stwierdzono, że w powietrzu występowały gatunki potencjalnie chorobotwórcze i patogenne, które mogły stwarzać zagrożenie dla zdrowia zwierząt i pracowników fermy.

EN

The study aimed to assess the bacteriological and mycological contamination of the air in a building designed for rearing piglets and fattening pigs. Air samples were taken 8 times during the spring-summer and autumn-winter season with Sas 100 sampler. In the air it was determined the total number of bacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and the total number of moulds and yeast. It was also made identification of the species of microorganisms isolated from the air. The simultaneous measurements of temperature, relative humidity and velocity of air flow, dust and natural light were carried out. The results showed that significant microbiological air pollution occurred in the surveyed pig house which exceeded the standard values for this type of livestock buildings. It was found that the air was contaminated by potentially pathogenic species and by pathogens that could pose a threat to health of both animal and farm workers.

13

Effectiveness of removing microbial pollutants from wastewater by the activated sludge method

Budzińska K., Szejniuk B., Jurek A., Traczykowski A., Michalska M., Berleć K.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 40, nr 4

53--67

EN

Wastewater contains numerous saprophytic microorganisms, pathogenic and potentially pathogenic. Detection of bacteria indicating the sanitary state of polluted waters shows the possibility of occurring of pathogenic microorganisms in that environment. In the presented paper, the effectiveness of removing microbiological pollutions from wastewater treated by the activated sludge method has been evaluated, by estimating the elimination of E. coli, faecal streptococci, rods of the genus Salmonella and bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Experimental research showed that often in spite of a high degree of elimination of bacteria at individual stages of treatment, they are still identified in wastewater discharged to the water environment. The fact of occurring bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae and rods of Salmonella in treated wastewater discharged to surface waters is particularly worrying.

14

The temperature distribution around the single vertical ground heat exchanger calculated by the usage of the method of elementary balances

Jurek A.

Structure and Environment

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2013

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Vol. 5, no. 1

46--50

EN

The article describes the process of unsteady heat transfer that occurs between the vertical ground heat exchanger and the surrounding soil at a depth that is independent from the temperature on the ground surface. A mathematical model of this phenomenon and its examplary solution using the method of elementary balances were presented. Numerical calculations using Mathcad were applied. As a result, the set temperature field is formed in the heat exchanger wall and the surrounding ground.

15

Wpływ procesów oczyszczania ścieków w technologii SBR na stan sanitarny powietrza atmosferycznego

Budzińska K., Traczykowski A., Jurek A., Szejniuk B., Michalska M., Berleć K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 1

904--923

EN

Most processes of sewage treatment contribute to the emission of microorganisms to the air, and this most frequently takes place during an intensive flow or processes of aeration. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of individual devices of the sewage treatment plant on the degree of microbiological air pollution in the premises and in the vicinity of the tested facility. The air analyses were carried out at a mechanical and biological sewage treatment plant with an increased degree of removing organic compounds in the SBR technology of on average 1786 m3 /d. In the experiment there was used the common compaction method using the sampler SAS 100. 8 research sites were appointed, including the control (background). It was found that the main source of bioaerosol emission in the studied sewage treatment plant was the decompression chamber and the Imhoff tank, and to a lesser degree, aeration chambers. For all the time of collecting samples no exceeding of permissible norms of the total number of bacteria and fungi in the air was observed. The number of staphylococci indicated that the air at all the technological facilities throughout the measurement period was moderately polluted. During all the experiment the average air pollution occurred under the influence of the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The fungi species most frequently occurring in the air on the premises of the treatment plant included: Penicillium notatum, Penicillium waksmani and Penicillium viridicatum, Mucor racemosus and Cladosporium herbarum. Also Alternaria alternata occurred at all the sampling points, but this took place only in the spring period. During the conducted studies, the following species of the familyEnterobacteriaceae and other Gram-negative bacilli were determined in the air samples: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Salmonella spp., K.pneumoniae, K.oxytoca, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio, fluvialis, Pseudomonas putida, P.fluorescens and Aeromonas hydrophila. Based on the conducted assessment of air pollution on the premises of the sewage treatment plant, the occurrence of numerous microorganisms was observed. Their main emission sources were SBR reactors, bare screen stations, the Imhoff tank and the place of sludge storage. The air was assessed as moderately polluted with the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, actinomyces and hemolytic staphylococci. The occurrence in the air of numerous bacteria species of the family Enterobacteriaceae poses a hazard to people employed at the sewage treatment plant.

16

Skuteczność rekultywacji jeziora Jelonek na podstawie wybranych fizycznych i chemicznych parametrów wody

Berleć K., Traczykowski A., Budzińska K., Szejniuk B., Michalska M., Jurek A., Tarczykowska M., Klimczak I.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

|

Tom 15, cz. 2

1336--1351

EN

Taking a decision about a modification of elements making up the ecosystem requires thorough knowledge about the manipulated system and predicting all possible results of such interference. Turning back the effects of anthropopression demands taking immediate action not only within the lake basin in the form of technological remediation measures. Primarily, these should be protective action, involving the organization of water supply and sewage disposal in the basin and (which is much more difficult) reduction of biogenic substance flow to the lake. Remediation ventures have been applied throughout the world, not always with success. They are thought to be risky, long-term and demanding considerable financial outlays. For this reason, they must be carefully planned by a team of experts and conducted under permanent supervision. The article presents effects of restoration of lake Jelonek based on the analysis of water quality parameters. The lake has been completely degraded and reached the saprotrophic state due to discharge of domestic wastewater from the neighbouring living estate, and of agricultural. The lakes restoration was initiated by dosing of coagulants for sediment. The aim of the study carried out was the analysis of selected physical and chemical indicators in the waters of the lake Jelonek in Gniezno. In water samples taken from three points following parameters were determined: temperature, pH, nitrogen, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus and phosphates. Measurements were conducted since October 2010 till may 2011, regularly once a month. The water was taken in the current on depth of 20 cm. The temperature and pH of the water were characteristic for the studied seasons and had no significant impact on the content of nutrients. The result of carrying out restoration lakes and tributary pollution mitigation procedures was to reduce the amount of nitrite and total phosphorus. Treatments conducted on lake Jelonek not bring the expected improvement in terms of total nitrogen content, nitrate and phosphate.

17

Przeżywalność bakterii Salmonella Enteritidis w wodach powierzchniowych

Szejniuk B., Budzińska K., Jurek A., Traczykowski A., Berleć K., Michalska M., Piątkowski J. K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 3

2738--2749

EN

The most frequent cause of salmonelloses are food poisonings. However, many studies prove the occurrence and possibility of survival of rods of the genus Salmonella in lakes. The bacteria are often isolated from water sources, which act as a bacterial reservoir. Rods of Salmonella are constantly released to the environment, which results in infections of people and animals. In comparison with other microorganisms, bacteria of the genus Salmonella are characterized by a high survival rate in water environments, particularly in waters of highly eutrophicated lakes. Temperature, the shortage of nutrients, osmotic stress and light has the most negative effect on their survival. Due to its common accessibility, water is an environment which plays an essential role in spread of diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of selected temperatures on the survival rate of bacilli Salmonella Enteritidis, and the dynamics of quantitative changes of the bacteria in time in bathing waters used for recreation, tested under laboratory conditions. As well as to determine the dynamic of quantitative changes of the bacteria in time under laboratory conditions. The samples for the study were collected from a lake in the Bydgoszcz district. In the conducted experiment it was indicated that Salmonella Enteritidis survived longer in water at 4°C (51 days), as compared with 20°C (39 days). In the present study the elimination rate of bacteria population, according to the analysis of regression, amounted to 0.16 log daily at 4°C, whereas at 20°C it assumed a value of 0.15 log daily. Consequently, it may be concluded that a lower temperature has a more stabilizing effect on rods of the genus Salmonella.

18

Wpływ wapnowania osadów ściekowych na inaktywację jaj Ascaris suum

Traczykowski A., Budzińska K., Jurek A., Szejniuk B., Berleć K., Małolepszy P.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

|

T. 92, nr 7

1285-1288

19

Ocena wybranych wskaźników fizykochemicznych wód pochodzących z hodowli stawowej karpia

Traczykowski A., Szejniuk B., Budzińska K., Berleć K., Jurek A., Drzewianowska M., Czepnik M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2013

|

T. 92, nr 7

1328-1331

20

Skuteczność usuwania zanieczyszczeń bakteriologicznych w procesach oczyszczania ścieków z zastosowaniem stawów biologicznych

Budzińska K., Jurek A., Szejniuk B., Wroński G.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2011

|

Tom 13

1519-1530

PL

Jednym z etapów oczyszczania ścieków jest proces biologiczny, który stosuje się gdy metody zastosowane wcześniej nie zapewniają odpowiedniej klasy czystości wody zrzucanej do odbiorników. Istotną funkcję w tych przemianach stanowi działalność metaboliczna mikroorganizmów, które warunkują rozkład substancji organicznych. Technologie biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków stworzone są przez człowieka, jednakże opierają się głównie na procesach naturalnych. Zasada oczyszczania jest taka sama, jak w przypadku naturalnego samooczyszczania się zbiorników wodnych, przy czym różnica polega na stworzeniu optymalnych warunków usuwania zanieczyszczeń ze ścieków (obecność tlenu, pożywki, mieszanie mechaniczne, temperatura, pH, itp.), które zwiększają szybkość i skuteczność procesu [11]. Jedną z metod biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków jest wykorzystanie stawów ściekowych.

EN

The subject of this study was household sewage from treatment plant working in biological ponds technology (aerated and stabilized), located in the kujawsko-pomorskie province. The study involved assessment of sewage treatment efficacy through the analysis of indicator bacteria elimination at particular stages of treatment processes. Raw sewage, after mechanical treatment in two stabilization ponds and after sand filters were examined. Sewage samples were collected according to the instruction of sampling, handling and storage given in EN 25667-2 and PN-EN ISO 5667-3. Analyses of collected sewage were made 7 times in the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods. The number of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci and presence of microorganisms of Salmonella genus were determined in sewage. Carried out analyses show that the most numerous group of microorganisms occurring in raw sewage were bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which number was from 106 to 108 cells .ml-1. Raw sewage was also characterized by occurrence of a very large number of Escherichia coli (107 cells in 1 ml). Fecal streptococci constituted the least numerous group of bacteria determined in sewage. Number of those microorganisms ranged from 104 to 105 cells in 1 ml of raw sewage. The study indicated the presence of bacilli of the Salmonella genus in 70% of analyzed samples. Mechanical sewage treatment contributed to elimination of indicator bacteria, and the least percentage of reduction was observed in the case of fecal streptococci (48.5%), while the highest to bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family (85.5%). Bacteria Escherichia coli were reduced in 63.6%. Sewage treatment in stabilization ponds allowed a considerable decrease in the number of determined bacteria, which elimination level was within the range 98%-99%, whereas streptococci were removed in least effective way at this stage of treatment. Sewage treated on sand filters - discharged to the river Drweca - were characterized by the occurrence of indicator bacteria at a level of 102 cells/ml, in spite of obtaining a high reduction level of those bacteria, which amounted to 99.99%. In treated sewage, bacteria of the Enterobac-teriaceae family, constituted the largest group and Escherichia coli occurred in the smallest amounts. The number of other fecal bacteria and enterobacteria indicates a possibility of occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in sewage discharged to surface waters. The fact of bacilli of the Salmonella genus occurring in treated sewage (10% of sewage samples) is particularly alarming. This creates a potential risk of pollution of the natural environment.