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Life cycle assessment in theory – introduction

Sitarska Magdalena

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

2025

Nr 94 (tom 1)

119--133

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is currently the most popular technique for assessing the environmental impact of products, services and technologies over their entire life cycle ‘from cradle to grave’, ‘cradle to gate’ depending on the system boundary set for the study, or in the case of closed-loop ‘cradle to cradle’. The impact is determined taking into account the different categories of environmental impact. Although the method is divided into 4 basic clearly defined stages: goal and scope, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment and interpretation, almost any of these stages can be extended with voluntary elements making the analysis much more detailed and difficult. An LCA analysis can be carried out using different methods depending on the availability of data, the reason for the study or the target group. The basis for conducting an LCA is to collect the necessary high-quality data, preferably from an original source, which is often very time-consuming. LCA databases (e.g. Ecoinvent, AusLCI, Agri-footprint, worldsteel) are helpful in this respect. Given the continuous development of LCA, the market offers many digital tools to perform LCA analyses (e.g. SimaPro, openLCA, OneClickLCA). The use of LCA makes it possible to locate system weaknesses that require modification in order to reduce the negative environmental impact of products, services and technologies. The article presents concepts with examples and the standards contained in EN ISO 14040 and EN ISO 1404.