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Usage of the Atlas of Silesia from 1752 in European cartographic publications

Wytyczak R.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2018

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Vol. 50, No. 1

47--56

EN

The author discusses adaptations of maps from the Atlas of Silesia published by European cartographers in more important atlases and multi-sheet maps from the second half of the 18th and early 19th century. Thanks to such adaptations the cartographic image of Silesia could be observed far beyond its borders. Its quality varied, however, both in planimetric contents and in relief. While situation was mostly represented rather correctly in relation to the maps from the Atlas of Silesia, presentation of orography largely differed from the original as well as from its real character. Even application of three methods of relief presentation on a single map did not bring on proper results, mainly due to the fact that the authors of adaptations did not know Silesia.

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Z badań nad chronologią wydań i wiarygodnością treści map Jonasa Scultetusa

Wytyczak R.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2004

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T. 36, nr 3

187--198

PL

Autor przedstawia ocenę wiarygodności treści map Jonasa Scultetusa (1603-1664) będącą wynikiem przeprowadzonej analizy opisowej, polegającej na porównaniu elementów fizycznogeograficznych i gospodarczych na tych mapach z późniejszymi materiałami kartograficznymi. Prezentowany przegląd dzieł Sculetusa zawiera również informacje o chronologii wydań każdej z map i relacjach między nimi.

EN

Jonas Scultetus was, after Martin Helwig, the second best recognized Silesian cartographer. He was born in Szprotawa in 1603, where he also started his education. Later he attended the famous gymnasium in Bytom Odrzański and studied at the Universities in Frankfurt on the Oder and Leipzig. He graduated as a qualified lawyer. For the rest of his life he remained linked to the Stosch family, the owners of Czernina, a town on the border of Wielkopolska region. Scultetus was the author of 8 maps, which were created during the thirty-year war (1618-1648), which was taking place in Silesia. There is no other information on the conditions or methods of their preparation. However it is known that he was sponsored by well-off Silesian gentry. The maps were published by renowned European publishing houses. The first print was done by Henricus Hondius and Johannes Janssonius in Amsterdam. Their chronology is as follows: after 1634 - the Duchy of Legnica as a separate sheet, in 1641 as an atlas map; before 1636 - the Duchy of Wołów as a separate sheet, in 1641 as an atlas map; 1636 - the Duchy of Głogów, a map of Silesia; 1638 - a map of Lower Silesia, the County of Kłodzko; 1639 - the Duchy of Breslau; 1644 - the Duchy of Grodków, The cartographic heritage of J. Scultetus has not been properly evaluated yet. His works have been neither researched cartometrically nor profoundly described, which is mostly due to slight disregard with which they were met. Researchers considered them to be primitive and uninteresting. The author of the article attempts to fill the existing gap and presents a descriptive analysis of the maps. It attempts to assess the reliability of contents by comparison of physico-geographical and economic elements on Scultetus' maps with later cartographic sources. Maps of the Duchies by J.W. Wieland and M. Schubarth from the 1752 atlas of Silesia and a topographic map Katie des Deustchen Reiches in 1:100 000 from the late nineteenth century were used for comparison. The analysis is preceded by a short note on the chronology of each map's editions and relations between them, which is illustrated by the enclosed filiation charts. The analysis covered river network, lakes, relief, forests and presented objects of economy. It turned out, that the reliability of analyzed maps varies according to the author's knowledge of particular areas. Scultetus' knowledge of Upper Silesia was relatively poor, therefore for his chorographic map of the area he partly borrowed from M. Helwig's work. Nevertheless, his map compares well to the one by Helwig, and in some respects it surpasses it, e.g. with the level of detail of river network and the number of geographic names. The Duchy of Legnica was presented best - all the considered elements are relatively correct. The presentations of the Duchy of Głogów and Lower Silesia are poorer. On the maps of the Duchy of Wołów, the Duchy of Breslau and the County of Kłodzko only some elements, mainly objects of economy, are credible. Thirty-year war trenches shown on the maps of Lower Silesia and the Duchy of Wołów are especially noteworthy. Despite their flaws the works of Jonas Scultetus have also a number of advantages, thanks to which they can come useful for research purposes, in particular for the reconstruction of landscape and some aspects of the history of economy. Being the first Silesian cartographic sources, they definitely deserve more attention in the future.

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Publikowane mapy Śląska do połowy XVIII wieku na tle innych regionów oraz ich adaptacje przez kartografów europejskich

Wytyczak R.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2003

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T. 35, nr 4

265--275

PL

Artukuł przedstawia dwa mało znane zagadnienia związane z dawną kartografią Śląska. Pierwsze dotyczy porównania dorobku w zakresie map drukowanych w XVI, XVII i XVIII stuleciu z Saksonią, Brandenburgią, Pomorzem Zachodnim i Prusami Książęcymi. Drugie odnosi się do poziomu adaptacji map Śląska przez europejski oficyny wydawnicze.

EN

The article discusses two less known aspects of the history of Silesian cartography. The first is the output of the region in comparison to other region of comparable area: Saxony, Brandenburg, West Pomerania and Prussia. The compared maps were published between the 16th century and 1750. Cartographic presentations were divided in three groups: general maps, detailed maps and thematic (special) maps. The chart showed the advantage of Silesia, which had 25 maps published until the half of the 18th century. Financial support received from the local nobility created favorable conditions for Silesian cartographers. Maps by M. Helwig, J. Scuteltus, F. Khun were published thanks to such support. Silesia's advantage is particularly evident in the case of detailed maps. Most of them were authored by Jonas Scultetus of Szprotawa. His activity in the field of Silesian cartography as well as works of F. Khun, D. Sinapius and L.D. Hermann, J. Nigrinus and T. Mayer brought on spectacular results: before the publication of famous "Atlas Silesiae" in 1752 maps of 10 out of 16 duchies and the Country of Kłodzko had been drawn - they covered 62% of the area of the province. None of the four other regions had comparable output. The second less known issue is the question of adaptation of the maps of Silesia by European publishing houses. Most maps elaborated in Silesia found numerous publishers, mainly in Antwerp, Amsterdam, Augsburg and Nurnberg. Maps of Silesia were often printed in large atlases, particularly in the 17th and 18th century. In the largest of them, J. Blaeu's eleven volume "Atlas Maior" from 1662 there were 11 such maps. In this respect Silesia was one of the leading Central European regions. Maps printed by Western European publishers usually did not conform to the original, because the original itself had often been altered. The extent of adaptation depended on its purpose and the quality - on the skill and diligence of a cartographer or engraver. Additionally, in the 16th century there started a tendency to use stencils to present relief and forests, which to a large extent eliminated individual features of the originals. Comparative research involved four Silesian map authors: Helwig, Scultetus, Khun and Nigrinus. The most common weakness of the adaptations is the over-simplification or even alteration of relief. Helwig's map of Silesia from 1561 adapted by A. Ortelius and Khun's maps of the Duchies of Świdnica and Jawor from the second half of the 17th century, adapted by J. Blaeu and P. Schenk serve as examples. It should be noted that the original authors in most cases managed to present relief, and Khun was the first Silesian cartographer to show forests in mountain areas, with a lot of skill and precision. Almost all advantages of those maps had been lost in adaptations. An interesting map of the Duchy of Cieszyn by J. Nigrinus from 1724 was relatively well adapted and published by M. Seuter in 1740 in Augsburg. In this case most changes concerned ornaments linked to the contents of the map. Nigrinus showed a shepherd's hut from Silesian Beskid, which caught the attention of many ethnographers. Seutter deleted that illustration, which significantly decreased the publication's value. Rich - in comparison to the other four regions - cartographic heritage of Silesia was often exploited by West European publishers. Maps of Silesia, which commonly appeared in atlases or separately were often of little value and presented a largely false image. On the other hand, because of them Silesian works had an opportunity to appear on a larger than local scene.