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Studies of Poly(Acrylic Acid-co-Maleic Acid) Sodium Salt Intercalated Montmorillonite

Grabowska B., Cukrowicz S., Kurleto-Kozioł Ż., Kaczmarska K., Drożyński D., Sitarz M., Bobrowski A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 4

67--75

EN

The intercalation into interlayer spaces of montmorillonite (MMT), obtained from natural calcium bentonite, was investigated. Modification of MMT was performed by the poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt (co-MA/AA). Efficiency of modification of MMT by sodium salt co-MA/AA was assessed by the infrared spectroscopic methods (FTIR), X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and spectrophotometry UV-Vis. It was found, that MMT can be relatively simply modified with omitting the preliminary organofilisation – by introducing hydrogel chains of maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer in a form of sodium salt into interlayer galleries. A successful intercalation by sodium salt of the above mentioned copolymer was confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction (shifting the reflex (001) originated from the montmorillonite phase indicating an increase of interlayer distances) as well as by the infrared spectroscopy (occurring of vibrations characteristic for the introduced organic macromolecules). The performed modification causes an increase of the ion exchange ability which allows to assume that the developed hybrid composite: MMT-/maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer (MMT-co- MA/AA) can find the application as a binding material in the moulding sands technology. In addition, modified montmorillonites indicate an increased ability for ion exchanges at higher temperatures (TG-DTG, UV-Vis). MMT modified by sodium salt of maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer indicates a significant shifting of the loss of the ion exchange ability in the direction of the higher temperature range (500–700°C).

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Badania spektralne (FTIR, UV-Vis) montmorylonitu modyfikowanego ultradźwiękami i kationami potasu

Grabowska B., Kurleto-Kozioł Ż.

Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa

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2017

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Vol. 57, no. 2

125--136

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań spektralnych (FTIR, UV-Vis) przeprowadzonych dla próbek nieaktywowanego bentonitu (wapniowego) posiadającego w swym składzie główny składnik mineralny montmorylonit (MMT). MMT, jako składnik bentonitu zawierający jony wapnia (Ca-MMT), poddano modyfikacji na drodze fizycznej i chemicznej. Proces aktywacji fizycznej zainicjowano działaniem pola ultradźwięków (40 kHz). Modyfikację chemiczną Ca-MMT, poprzez wymianę jonową kationów wapnia na kationy potasu, przeprowadzono z udziałem modyfikatora w postaci węglanu potasu, przy czasie aktywacji równym 1 h. W celu określenia efektywności przeprowadzonej modyfikacji dla zmodyfikowanych fizycznie i chemicznie próbek montmorylonitu (K-MMT) w bentonicie przeprowadzono cykl badań analitycznych, w tym strukturalnych (FTIR) oraz spektrofotometrycznych (UV-Vis). Stwierdzono, że rodzaj i sposób prowadzenia modyfikacji, w tym zmiana czasu działania czynnika fizycznego na nieaktywowany bentonit, wpływa na zdolność do wymiany jonowej montmorylonitu (CEC). Zarówno zmodyfikowany fizycznie (ultradźwięki), jak i chemicznie (kationy potasu) MMT w bentonicie wapniowym wykazuje CEC na nieco niższym poziomie od CEC wyznaczonego dla stosowanego w technologii mas formierskich bentonitu sodowego. Zmodyfikowany MMT może więc stanowić alternatywny materiał wiążący do zastosowania w masach klasycznych.

EN

This paper presented the spectral study (FTIR, UV-Vis) for samples of non-activated bentonite (calcium) which has in its composition a main mineral resource, montmorillonite (MMT). MMT, as a component which contains calcium ions (Ca-MMT, was modified physically and chemically. The process of physical activations was initiated by an ultrasound field (40 kHz) with the use of a modificator in the form of potassium carbonate with an activation time of 1 h. To measure the efficiency of the modification for modified physically and chemically samples of montmorillonite (K-MMT) in bentonite there was performed a cycle of test including structural (FITR) and spectrofotometric (UV-Vis) analysis. It was stated that the type and method of making the modification including change of time in which physical factors are influencing the non-activated bentonite influences on the change of ion exchange of montmorillonite (CEC). Both modified physically (ultrasound) and chemically (potassium cations) MMT in calcium bentonite exhibits CEC on a slightly lower level than CEC used in the moulding sand technology of sodium bentonite. Modified MMT can be therefore used as an alternative material for green sand.

3

TG-DTG-DSC, FTIR, DRIFT, and Py-GC-MS Studies of Thermal Decomposition for Poly(sodium acrylate)/Dextrin (PAANa/D) – New Binder BioCo3

Grabowska B., Kaczmarska K., Bobrowski A., Żymankowska-Kumon S., Kurleto-Kozioł Ż.

Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 1, no. 1

27--32

EN

TG-DTG-DSC, FTIR, DRIFT, and Py-GC-MS studies have been conducted to determine the effect of the thermal decomposition conditions and structure of foundry binder BioCo3 in the form of a composition poly(sodium acrylate)/dextrin (PAANa/D) on the progress of degradation in terms of processes occurring in foundry sands in contact with liquid metal. TG-DTG-DSC curves of the composition allowed us to determine the temperature range in which they do not undergo degradation, by which they do not lose their binding properties. With temperature increasing, physical and chemical changes occur that are related to the evaporation of solvent water (20–110°C), followed by the release of constitution water, and finally intermolecular dehydration (110–230°C). In this temperature range, processes that are mainly reversible take place. Within a temperature range of 450–826°C, polymer chains are decomposed, including the decomposition of side chains. Within a temperature range of 399–663°C, polymer composition decomposition can be observed (FTIR, DRIFT), and gas products are generated from this destruction (Py-GC-MS).

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Study on the activation of calcium montmorillonite (Ca-MMT) by sodium cations

Kurleto-Kozioł Ż., Grabowska B.

Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 3

171--178

EN

The results of spectral research (IR, UV-Vis) on the activation process of calcium montmorillonite Ca-MMT by sodium cations are presented in this article. The modifications of Ca-MMT were carried out by a modifier in the form of sodium carbonate by keeping different times of activations. On the basis of received sodium modifiers MMT (Na-MMT) analytical cycle of research was done, including structural (IR) and spectrophotometric (UV-Vis) research, in order for the designation of ion exchange ability (CEC). There was observed that the method of processing modification (changing activation time) does not affect on ion exchange ability Na-MMT. Application of modified MMT used as a binding material in greensand will be described in the next part of our planned research.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań spektralnych (IR, UV-Vis) procesu aktywacji montmorylonitu wapniowego Ca-MMT kationami sodu. Modyfikację Ca-MMT prowadzono z udziałem modyfikatora w postaci węglanu sodu przy zachowaniu różnych czasów aktywacji. Dla otrzymanych modyfikatów sodowych MMT (Na-MMT) przeprowadzono cykl badań analitycznych, w tym strukturalnych (IR) oraz spektrofotometrycznych (UV-Vis), w celu oznaczenia ich zdolności wymiany jonowej (CEC). Stwierdzono, że sposób prowadzenia modyfikacji (zmiana czasu aktywacji) nie wpływa istotnie na zdolność do wymiany jonowej Na-MMT. Zastosowanie zmodyfikowanego MMT jako materiału wiążącego w masach klasycznych zostanie określone w następnej części zaplanowanych prac badawczych.

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Detection of nitrates(V) and sulfates(VI) by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method in used green sand bonded by bentonite with modified starch addition

Grabowska B., Kurleto-Kozioł Ż., Szymański Ł., Kaczmarska K., Bobrowski A.

Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 4

203--211

EN

The research results (SEM, UV-Vis) that contain a part of the work connected with determining the influence of a modified starch addition on the physical and chemical property changes of green sands (including the emission levels of harmful substances from the used molding sands formed as a result of the liquid metal pouring of molds) are presented in this paper. A surface analysis (SEM) was performed for the fresh molding sands and used molding sands with and without modified starch samples. On the bases of the received microscopic images, the impact of the temperature factor on the morphology of the molding sand samples after the liquid metal pouring process are assessed. In the second part of the performed work on the UV-Vis research, eluates from two used molding sands (green sand [sand number 1] and green sand with the addition of a modified starch [sand number 2]) were tested for nitrate and sulfate content. In order to determine whether the level of nitrate and sulfate elusion from the used molding sands is permissible, the received results were compared with the Minister of Environment’s regulations concerning the requirements of surface waters used for supplying the population with potable water.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań (SEM, UV-Vis), wchodzących w zakres prac związanych z określeniem wpływu dodatku modyfikatu skrobiowego na zmianę właściwości fizycznych i chemicznych mas wiązanych bentonitem, w tym na poziom wydzielania substancji szkodliwych ze zużytych mas powstałych w procesie zalewania formy ciekłym metalem. Analizę powierzchniową (SEM) przeprowadzono dla próbek klasycznych mas świeżych i zużytych bez dodatku i z dodatkiem modyfikatu skrobiowego. Na podstawie otrzymanych zdjęć mikroskopowych oceniono wpływ czynnika temperatury na morfologię próbek masy po procesie zalewania formy ciekłym metalem. W drugiej części wykonanych prac badaniom UV-Vis na zawartość azotanów(V) i siarczanów( VI) poddano eluaty przygotowane z udziałem dwóch mas zużytych, tj.: klasycznej masy formierskiej (masa I) oraz klasycznej masy formierskiej z dodatkiem modyfikatu skrobiowego (masa II). W celu określenia poziomu wymywalności azotanów(V) i siarczanów(VI) ze zużytych mas otrzymane wyniki porównano z obowiązującym Rozporządzeniem Ministra Środowiska z dnia 27 listopada 2002 r. w sprawie wymagań, jakim powinny odpowiadać wody powierzchniowe wykorzystywane do zaopatrzenia ludności w wodę przeznaczoną do spożycia.

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Physico-Chemical and Environmental Characterisation of the Dust from Dry Dedusting of the Green Sand

Bobrowski A., Grabowska B., Żymankowska-Kumon S., Kurleto-Kozioł Ż

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 4

33--36

EN

The article presents research results of physico-chemical and environmental issues for the dust generated during dedusting of the installation for the processing and preparation of moulding sand with bentonite. Particular attention was paid to the content of heavy metals and emission of gases from the BTEX group, which is one of the determinants of the moulding sands harmfulness for the environment. The analysis of heavy metals in the test samples indicate that there is an increase of the content of all metals in the dust compared to the initial mixture of bentonite. The most significant (almost double) increase observed for zinc is probably related to the adsorption of this element on the dust surface by contact with the liquid metal. The study showed, that dust contained more than 20% of the amount of montmorillonite and had a loss on ignition at a similar level. The addition of 1% of dust to the used moulding sand results in almost 30% increase in the total volume of gases generated in casting processes and nearly 30% increase of the benzene emission.

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Crosslink the Novel Group of Polymeric Binders BioCo by the UV-radiation

Grabowska B., Kaczmarska K., Bobrowski A., Kurleto-Kozioł Ż, Szymański Ł.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 2

85--88

EN

The spectroscopic FT-IR and FT-Raman methods allowed to identify the cross-linking process of the aqueous composition of poly(acrylic acid)/sodium salt of carboxymethyl starch (PAA/CMS-Na) applied as a binder for moulding sands (as a novel group binders BioCo). The cross-linking was performed by physical agent, applying the UV-radiation. The results of structural studies (IR, Raman) confirm the overlapping of the process of cross-linking polymer composition PAA/CMS-Na in UV radiation. Taking into account the ingredients and structure of the polymeric composition can also refer to a curing process in a binder - mineral matrix mixture. In the system of binder-mineral matrix under the influence of ultraviolet radiation is also observed effect of binding. However, the bonding process does not occur in the entire volume of the investigated system, but only on the surface, which gives some possibilities for application in the use of UV curing surface of cores, and also to cure sand moulds in 3D printing technology.