Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Metodyka przygotowania próbek polimerowego materiału gradientowego do badań mikroskopowych

Stabik J., Chomiak M., Suchoń Ł.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2012

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[R.] 18, nr 4

356-360

PL

W artykule omówiono zagadnienia przygotowania powierzchni próbek polimerowego materiału gradientowego do badań mikroskopowych. Próbki wykorzystane do badań wykonane były z żywicy epoksydowej jako materiału osnowy oraz proszku węgla kamiennego jako napełniacza. Kompozyty wytworzono stosując metodę odlewania odśrodkowego. Na podstawie analizy zdjęć mikroskopowych wybrano metodę pozwalającą na obserwacje próbek na mikroskopie świetlnym. Badania wykazały, że procedura szlifowania papierem ściernym a następnie polerowania na mokro, bez użycia materiału ściernego, pozwala na uzyskanie zdjęć mikroskopowych o najlepszej jakości z dobrze widocznymi ziarnami napełniacza.

EN

The article discusses the issues of surface preparation of polymeric gradient material for microscopic examination. Specimens used for research were made of epoxy resin as a matrix and coal powder as a filler. The composites were prepared using centrifugal casting method. The selected method allows the observation of the specimens using light microscopy on the basis of the analysis of microscopic images. Research has shown that the procedure of grinding with abrasive paper and then wet polishing, without the use of abrasive, allows to obtain microscopic images of best quality with clearly visible filler grains.

2

Chosen manufacture methods of Polymeric Graded Materials with electrical and magnetic properties gradation

Stabik J., Chomiak M., Dybowska A., Suchoń Ł., Mrowiec K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 54, nr 2

218--226

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present main results of Polymeric Graded Materials (PGMs) investigations realized in Silesian University of Technology, Division of Metallic and Polymeric Materials Processing. Methods of PGMs manufacture with electrical and magnetic properties gradation are mainly discussed. Design/methodology/approach: In short introduction general remarks on functionally graded materials (FGMs) and PGMs are presented. Next, methods used to prepare PGMs are presented together with physical basics determining composition, structure and properties gradation. Research methodology and chosen results showing PGMs structure and properties are also presented. Findings: Achieved results show that it is possible do design graded material structure and composition and to manufacture PGM that not precisely but in high extend meets designed requirements. The basic condition to accomplish this task is that physical basics of structure and composition gradient formation are known and relations between technological process parameters and ready material characteristics are properly applied. Research limitations/implications: Only chosen methods of PGMs manufacture are presented and only chosen PGMs characteristics are discussed. Practical implications: Presented technologies are widely used in industry to processing polymeric materials. Defined changes in parameters and properly designed composition will allow to utilize these technologies to PGMs manufacture. Ready parts with properties gradation may be applied in almost all industry branches. Few possible applications are presented in the text. Originality/value: New types of PGMs are described in the paper. Attention is paid mainly to materials with gradation of electrical and magnetic properties. The paper may be interesting for scientists involved in PGMs and for industry engineers looking for materials with electrical and magnetic properties gradation.

3

Research on polyamide matrix composites filled with hard coal

Rojek M., Stabik J., Szymiczek M., Suchoń Ł., Mrowiec K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 57, nr 1

13-20

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present the summary results of studies on polyamide composites filled with hard coal. Research on the use of coal as a filler of polymers are conducted for many years in Division of Metallic and Polymeric Materials Processing, Silesian University of Technology. This paper summarizes results obtained in different research programmes preformed in recent years. Described materials are polyamide 6 composites filled with modified and unmodified hard coal powder. Design/methodology/approach: All the resulting compositions intended for research have been produced using twin screw extruder. The resulting mixtures of various compositions were then subjected to a process of granulation. The prepared composites have undergone a process of injection moulding which allowed to obtain samples for strength tests. Full statement of research results obtained for composites could help to predict the material with the best mechanical properties and hence the best material for construction. Findings: It has appeared from studies that in both a composite made of unmodified coal and of coal modified with coupling agents show a decrease in mechanical properties in comparison with the neat polymer. Apart from this these composites are interesting materials because of low prize of the filler. Research limitations/implications: It can be concluded from research that all types of obtained composites are characterized by a decrease in mechanical properties. Practical implications: Applications of hard coal as a filler of polymer composites is way to produce new materials. It is worth noting that the main features of the filler used is its prevalence, low cost and electrical conductance. Originality/value: The results describe new fillers of thermoplastic polymers and the possibility of its modification.

4

Carbon materials as fillers for polymer matrix composites

Stabik J., Rojek M., Suchoń Ł., Mrowiec K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 53, nr 1

29-37

EN

Purpose: Paper presents different types of carbon materials used as modifiers for polymer matrix composites. The article contains summary description of the available varieties of carbon materials from brown and hard coal to the carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. Design/methodology/approach: The aim of the publication is to present different forms of carbon materials, their origins and ways of creation. Paper summarizes also basic properties and possible applications of carbon materials as components of engineering polymeric composites. Findings: Paper especially focuses on types of hard coal (mine coal) as potential fillers for polymers. These materials and their properties and applications were studied in detail by the authors in previous researches. Research limitations/implications: Analysis of the literature and authors’ own research results indicate that carbon materials as fillers can essentially improve many different properties of polymer matrix composites but still have to be extensively searched to fully evaluate their characteristics and possible applications. Practical implications: Particular attention should be directed to the use of mined coal as a properties modifier of polymers because of its interesting properties, low prize and availability in Poland. Originality/value: New types of carbon materials as polymer fillers, their properties and application possibilities are presented.

5

Wytwarzanie materiałów gradientowych technologiami przetwórstwa tworzyw polimerowych

Stabik J., Chomiak M., Dybowska A., Suchoń Ł.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2011

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[R.] 17, nr 3

221-225

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania technologii przetwórstwa tworzyw polimerowych do wytwarzania materiałów gradientowych. Na wstępie krótko scharakteryzowano polimerowe materiały gradientowe a następnie przedstawiono wybrane technologie ich wytwarzania. Uwagę skupiono na takich technologiach jak odlewanie swobodne, odlewanie odśrodkowe, prasowanie, współwytłaczanie oraz polimeryzacja "in situ". Podano również przykłady wytworzonych materiałów i możliwości ich wykorzystania.

EN

The paper presents possibilities of application of plastics processing technologies to graded materials manufacturing. At the beginning Polymer Graded Materials (PGMs) are shortly characterized, next chosen technologies of their manufacture are presented. Attention is focused on such technologies as casting, centrifugal casting, pressing, co-extrusion and "in situ" polymerization. Examples of ready Polymer Gradient Materials and possibilities of their applications are also presented.

6

Badania właściwości reologicznych poliamidu napełnionego węglem kamiennym

Stabik J., Rojek M., Suchoń Ł., Chomiak M.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2011

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[R.] 17, nr 6

521-524

PL

Celem poniższego artykułu jest przedstawienie wpływu zawartości i rodzaju węgla kamiennego zastosowanego, jako napełniacza proszkowego na właściwości reologiczne poliamidu nim napełnionego, w szczególności na masowy wskaźnik szybkości płynięcia. Proces przygotowania kompozycji poliamidu 6 z węglem kamiennym został przeprowadzony na dwuślimakowej wytłaczarce laboratoryjnej. Wytłoczony kompozyt został następnie poddany procesowi granulacji i w takiej postaci wykorzystany do przeprowadzenia pomiarów MFR. Wskaźnik MFR ma znaczący wpływ na parametry przetwórcze kompozytu. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły, że spadek wskaźnika szybkości płynięcia ma znaczący wpływ na wzrost lepkich oporów przepływu. Zjawisko takie jest często obserwowane w kompozytach polimerowych napełnionych materiałami proszkowymi. Badania wykazały konieczność zastosowania maszyn o większej mocy w celu dobrej homogenizacji kompozycji. Badania nowego napełniacza kompozytów, jakim jest węgiel kamienny umożliwiają pozyskanie nowych materiałów z zastosowaniem ogólno dostępnego modyfikatora.

EN

The aim of this article is to present the influence of contents and kind of hard coal used as powder filler on rheological properties (viscosity) of polyamide 6. Preparation of composite of polyamide 6 with hard coal was carried out with laboratory twin screw extruder. Extruded composite was granulated and in this form was used for MFR analysis. Taking into account MFR results viscosity was calculated. The influence of filler content on viscosity was next searched. Results of research showed that addition of powdered hard coal to polyamide 6 matrix cause pronounced decrease of MFR index. In this way significant increase of viscous flow was observed. It is often observed phenomenon for polymer composite filled with powder materials. Hard coal used as a filler in composites makes it possible to gain new and cheaper polymeric materials with many possible applications.

7

Mechanical properties of polyamide matrix composites filled with titanates modified-coal

Rojek M., Szymiczek M., Suchoń Ł., Wróbel G.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 46, nr 1

25--32

EN

Purpose: This article presents the influence of the type of coal surface modifier on mechanical properties of polyamide 6 filled with hard pulverized coal. Design/methodology/approach: Before preparing compositions, pulverised filler surface was modified with coupling agents. The composite of polyamide 6 and modified hard coal was compounded using a twin-screw extruder. A blend was granulated and later test samples were performed on injection moulding machine. Afterwards, mechanical properties were evaluated. These properties have essential meaning for applications of new composites as structural materials. Findings: Tests demonstrated that modification of powdered hard coal surface with coupling agents didn’t have significant effect on mechanical properties of polyamide/hard coal composites. Research limitations/implications: Applied compounding procedure did not allow to achieve good compositions homogenisation. A new method is planned to be applied in future research. Simultaneously, it is necessary to investigate composites with other coupling agents which will improve filler’s adhesion to a polymer. Long-term test are also planned. Practical implications: Hard coal, cheap and widely available filler, used to modify thermoplastic polymers, enable to obtain new materials with attractive properties and many applications. Originality/value: Paper represents innovative polymer filler and methods to modify it.

8

Hard coal modified with silanes as polyamide filler

Rojek M., Stabik J., Suchoń Ł.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 39, nr 1

43-51

EN

Purpose: This paper shows the influence of coupling agents, especially silanes, on mechanical properties of polyamide 6 filled with hard coal dust. Design/methodology/approach: Before preparing compositions, pulverised filler surface was modified with coupling agents. Then, it was compounded using a twin-screw extruder composite consisting of modified hard coal and polyamide 6. A blend was granulated later and test samples were subjected to injection moulding. Afterwards, mechanical properties were evaluated. These properties have essential meaning for applications of new composites as structural materials. Findings: Tests demonstrated that modification of powdered hard coal surface with coupling agents had not significant effect on mechanical properties of polyamide/hard coal composites. Research limitations/implications: Applied compounding procedure did not allow to achieve good compositions homogenisation. A new method to be applied is planned in future research. Simultaneously, it is necessary to investigate composites with other coupling agents which will improve filler’s adhesion to a polymer. Long-term test are also planned. Practical implications: Hard coal, cheap and widely available filler, used to modify thermoplastic polymers, enable to obtain new materials with attractive properties and many applications. Originality/value: Paper represents innovative polymer filler and methods to modify it.

9

Electrical properties of polymeric gradient materials based on epoxy resin filled with hard coal

Stabik J., Szczepanik M., Dybowska A., Suchoń Ł.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 38, nr 1

56-63

EN

Purpose: of this paper was to describe functionally the gradient polymeric materials and technology of the gradient production. The experimental part describes preparation of circular disc samples of polymeric gradient material by gravity casting method. Finally electrical surface resistance and surface resistivity was measured and analysed. Design/methodology/approach: Eight specimens were prepared using gravity casting method. Composites with epoxy resin as a matrix and with respectively 3, 6, 9 and 12%vol of two types of hard coal as a filler were cast. Surface resistivity was applied as a measure of electrical properties. The idea of the test was to define electrical resistivity in sequential layers with different content and type of conductive component (hard coal). First, specimen’s thickness was measured and electrical resistivity was tested. Next, outer layer was removed by grinding and electrical measurements performed. The procedure was repeated for all subsequent layers. In effect, dependence of surface resistivity on depth of the layer was determined. Findings: The experimental results demonstrated that addition of conductive filler (hard coal) to epoxy resin caused a change of surface resistivity of these materials. Hard coal together with epoxy resin formed gradient composite material with different filler content in subsequent layers. Research limitations/implications: Further investigations with higher hard coal content and/or with different matrix are needed. Originality/value: This paper is original because in the research programme electrical properties of new type of polymeric gradient composites were tested and presented in it.

10

Magnetic induction of polymer composites filled with ferrite powders

Stabik J., Dybowska A., Pluszyński J., Szczepanik M., Suchoń Ł.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 41, nr 1

13-20

EN

Purpose: The goal of this work was to determine influence of amount and type of ferrite fillers on magnetic induction of epoxy composites. Six mixtures that contain different amount of ferrite powder were prepared. Additionally an effect of type and amount of introduced ferrite powder on epoxy resin processing conditions and parameters was searched. Design/methodology/approach: In this research the method of preparing polymeric gradient composites was centrifugal casting. The experimental procedure focused on evaluating the magnetic induction of gradient composites. Magnetic induction of composites based on epoxy resin, which contain ferrite powders was measured using milliteslometer. Measurements were performed for three filler contents and for two types of filler. Findings: Centrifugal casting method allowed obtaining materials with different percentage of ferrite content in subsequent layers of cylindrical composites. Moreover it was observed that values of magnetic induction were higher for composite with barium ferrite than for composite with strontium ferrite but the difference was not too high. Research limitations/implications: The main problem of this work was about limitation of maximum level of fillers content. Adding more filler than 30%vol caused very rapid composite viscosity increase and made air removing and casting impossible. For that reason there were made composites with 10%vol., 20%vol. and 30%vol. of ferrite powders. Trials were performed with mixtures that contained up to 50%vol. of filler. Practical implications: Method applied in this research allowed to obtain materials that are characterized by gradient of magnetic properties. Such composites find applications in electrotechnical industry and in mechanical engineering. Originality/value: New polymeric gradient materials were developed using centrifugal casting technology. Magnetic properties of these composites were determined depending on distance from the surface of the test piece.

11

Investigation of processing properties of polyamide filled with hard coal

Stabik J., Suchoń Ł., Rojek M., Szczepanik M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 33, nr 2

142-149

EN

Purpose: The aim of this article is to present the influence of contents and kind of hard coal used as powder filler on rheological properties (viscosity) of polyamide 6. Design/methodology/approach: Preparation of composite of polyamide 6 with hard coal was carried out on laboratory twin screw extruder. Extruded composite was granulated and in this form was used for MFR analysis. Taking into account MFR results viscosity was calculated. The influence of filler content on viscosity was next searched. Findings: Results of research showed that addition of powdered hard coal to polyamide 6 matrix cause pronounced decrease of MFR index. In this way significant increase of viscous flow was observed. It is often observed phenomenon for polymer composite filled with powder materials. Research limitations/implications: It is necessary to carry out the research with surface modified hard coal with coupling agents which provide better adhesion of polymer matrix to filler. Practical implications: Hard coal used as a filler in composites makes it possible to gain new and cheaper polymeric materials with many possible applications. Originality/value: Investigation described in article shows possibility of hard coal application as innovatory filler of polymers. The influence of this filler on rheological properties indicate that processing of these new materials may be accompanied with some problems.

12

Viscosity measurements of epoxy resin filled with ferrite powders

Stabik J., Dybowska A., Szczepanik M., Suchoń Ł.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 38, nr 1

34-40

EN

Purpose: The goal of this work was to determine influence of fillers on viscosity, especially of six mixtures that contain different amount of ferrite powder. It was made in order to find out an effect of introduced ferrite powder on epoxy resin processing conditions and parameters. Additionally viscosity of pure epoxy resin was determined for reference purposes. The influence of temperature on composites viscosity was also examined. Design/methodology/approach: Viscosity of mixtures based on epoxy resin that contain ferrite powders and pure epoxy resin using Hoeppler viscometer was measured. Procedures of viscosity measurements were performed for three temperatures and for three filler contents. Findings: Higher temperature of measurement resulted in lower values of viscosity while higher quantity of ferrite powder increased viscosity of mixtures. There was no difference between results of viscosity that were obtained for barium ferrite and strontium ferrite. Research limitations/implications: The main problem of this work was limitations of research method. Mixtures before measurement had to be put to the vacuum venting in order to remove air bubbles that were introduced through mixing. Also an amount of powder introduced into the matrix was limited because for higher contents it was not possible to pour mixtures into glass pipe of measurement device. Practical implications: Applied method allowed to determine the influence of temperature, kind and quantity of filler on viscosity. Viscosity is the main factor defining processing parameters in many processing technologies. Originality/value: Results of viscosity for searched composites are not known up till now. Achieved results are planned in order to use them in future works of authors on polymeric magnetic composites.