Measuring the diversity in evolutionary algorithms that work in real-value search spaces is often computationally complex, but it is feasible; however, measuring the diversity in combinatorial domains is practically impossible. Nevertheless, in this paper we propose several practical and feasible diversitymeasurement techniques that are dedicated to ant colony optimization algorithms, leveraging the fact that we can focus on a pheromone table even though an analysis of the search space is at least an NP problem where the direct outcomes of the search are expressed and can be analyzed. Besides sketching out the algorithms, we apply them to several benchmark problems and discuss their efficacy.
In this article, Control charts are employed to analyse the strength quality control of ready-mixed concrete for rigid pavement. The results of the study support that CUSUM statistical analysis is more sensitive than the Shewhart control chart. The CUSUM chart can detect the continual changes in the concrete quality in a more accurate way. By combining the CUSUM control chart and the Shewhart control chart, higher accuracy of quality control analysis could be achieved, in order words, for quality control performance when in built/pouring the ready-mix concrete as rigid pavement.
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