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1

Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis In Multivariate Assessment of Water Quality

Jankowska J., Radzka E., Rymuza K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 2

92--96

EN

This paper deals with the use of multivariate methods in drinking water analysis. During a five-year project, from 2008 to 2012, selected chemical parameters in 11 water supply networks of the Siedlce County were studied. Throughout that period drinking water was of satisfactory quality, with only iron and manganese ions exceeding the limits (21 times and 12 times, respectively). In accordance with the results of cluster analysis, all water networks were put into three groups of different water quality. A high concentration of chlorides, sulphates, and manganese and a low concentration of copper and sodium was found in the water of Group 1 supply networks. The water in Group 2 had a high concentration of copper and sodium, and a low concentration of iron and sulphates. The water from Group 3 had a low concentration of chlorides and manganese, but a high concentration of fluorides. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis, multivariate correlation between the studied parameters was determined, helping to put water supply networks into groups according to similar water quality.

2

Application of a Logistic Function to Describe the Growth of Fodder Galega

Rymuza K., Bombik A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 1

125--131

EN

It was attempted in the paper to describe the growth of oriental goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) growth by means of a logistic function. The studies demonstrated that the function describes empirical data well as the coefficients of determination obtained ranged between 97 to 98%, depending on the growing season. The estimated function parameters indicate that both the plant height and growth rate were conditioned by thermal conditions and moisture during the growing season. Plants had the longest stems in the year 2010 (127.9 cm), and the shortest in 2008 (105.9 cm). The maximum growth rate ranged from 2.12 to 3.97 cm per day in, respectively, 2009 and 2008. Also the inflection point, the point at which plants grew the fastest, depended on the conditions of the growing season.

3

The Impact of Precipitation Conditions on Medium-Early Cultivars of Potato Yielding

Rymuza K., Radzka E., Lenartowicz T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 3

206--210

EN

This elaboration was based on yields of nine medium-early cultivars of potato grown in Karżniczka station belonging to COBORU(Research Centre for Cultivar Testing) and on monthly precipitation sums during the growing season (April – August). For each of the cultivars separately in subsequent years and for precipitation sums in particular months of the growing season (IV–VII) polynomial regression models of precipitation – cultivar’s yield – were calculated. At the beginning of the growing season the yield of medium-early cultivars of potato was negatively correlated with monthly precipitation sums, while in the final stage of vegetation – this correlation was positive. The lowest yield of Stasia cultivar was noted with monthly precipitation sum of 34–38 mm in April, Tajfun cultivar with May precipitation from 100 to 120 mm, Finezja and Jurek cultivars with monthly June precipitation of 120 mm. Whereas maximum yield of Cekin and Jurek cultivars was noted with August precipitation of about 100 mm.

4

Multi-trait evaluation of value for cultivation and use of early maturing edible potato cultivars registered in Poland

Rymuza K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 1

50--56

EN

The work presents an analysis of diversity and comparison of value for cultivation and use of early maturing potato cultivars registered with the Polish National Register of Cultivars. The comparison was based on 17 yield and appearance traits and quality attributes of tubers as well as their resistance to diseases. The analysis employed the following multi-dimensional statistical methods: principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The principal component analysis revealed that over 70% of the total variation was associated with the first 6 principal components. Cluster analysis yielded 4 groups of genotypes. The first group consisted of the cultivars which produced tubers with the most shallow eyes, the best flavour and the least severe darkening of raw flesh. The cultivars in the second group produced high yields and were low in starch, dry matter and glycoalkaloids. The tubers of cultivars which were classified into the third group had the highest starch, dry matter and vitamin C contents. However, they produced the lowest yields and were quite susceptible to most diseases. The fourth group was made up of high-yielding cultivars which tended to accumulate glycoalkaloids but were most resistant to hollow heart in tubers.

5

Influence of Precipitation and Thermal Conditions on Starch Content in Potato Tubers From Medium-Early Cultivars Group

Rymuza K., Radzka E., Lenartowicz T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 4

176--179

EN

The basis of this elaboration constituted data concerning mean starch content in nine medium-early cultivars of potato grown in six experimental stations belonging to CO-BORU (Research Centre for Cultivar Testing) in years 2010–2013. Using stepwise regression analysis the influence of thermal and precipitation conditions on starch content in potato cultivars was examined. Such analysis was performed for locations, years and particular cultivars. The analysis showed that starch content in tubers of medium-early potato cultivars depends more on precipitation than on thermal condi-tions. The relationship between starch content in tubers and precipitation and thermal conditions varied in different stations. In four stations (Karżniczka, Sulejów, Uhnin, Węgrzce) it depended on precipitation noted in August, in two (Uhnin and Słupia) – in July and in other two (Naroczyce and Słupia) – in June. Positive influence of temperature on starch content was noted only in August in Karżniczka. Starch content in tubers of Ametyst and Gawin cultivars depended on precipitation sum in August, Satina cultivar – in July, Oberon cultivar – in June and July, and Cekin, Finezja, Jurek, Stasia and Tajfun cultivars – on precipitation in July and August.

6

Analysis of hydrothermal conditions and their impact on early potato yields

Radzka E., Rymuza K., Lenartowicz T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 2

120--124

EN

The work is based on data on monthly air temperatures, monthly sums of atmospheric precipitation and early potato yields in 2000–2013 obtained from seven COBORU (Research Centre for Cultivar Testing) stations situated in east-central Poland. Hydrothermal conditions during the growing season (April–July) of early potato were described by means of the Sielianinow’s coefficient. The relationships between potato yields and the Sielianinow’s hydrothermal coefficient of the growing season were examined using multiple regression equations generated by means of the step-wise regression procedure followed by polynomial regression procedure. The average Sielianinow’s coefficient values ranged from 1.43 in April to 1.66 in May during the early potato growing season in east-central Poland. The applied statistical methods revealed that the hydrothermal factors impacted on early potato yields, particularly in the second stage of potato growth and development.

7

Comparing effect of phytoplankton and a charophyte on calcite precipitation in lake water: experimental approach

Kufel L., Rymuza K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 3

431--439

EN

Primary producers are able to strongly affect calcium budget in hardwater lakes. The relative contribution of phytoplankton and charophytes to water decalcification (by precipitation of calcium carbonate) is, however, unclear. In this study we checked the effect of natural phytoplankton community and a charophyte (Nitellopsis obtusa) on the decline of calcium concentration in experimental outdoor conditions. The experiment was carried out in original lake water and two variants of enrichment with inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus to test the changing efficiency in decalcification by both primary producers. At low nutrient concentrations, N. obtusa was responsible for calcium decline in original lake water by 12 mg Ca+2 dm-3 during 20 days of experiment. In these conditions the effect of phytoplankton was negligible. In lake water enriched with nutrients, the exponential growth of phytoplankton led to the decrease of calcium concentration from initial 35 mg Ca+2 dm-3 to 9 mg Ca+2 dm-3 in the same time period. The maximum effect of N. obtusa was the same as in original lake water but manifested itself earlier to decline in the end of experiment. Supersaturation of water with calcium carbonate was always more than threefold and saturation index reached 27 in mixed cultures of phytoplankton and N. obtusa in lake water enriched with nutrients. In this context we hypothesise on a possible role of charophytes as nucleation sites necessary for calcite precipitation. Based on our own and literature data we also discuss expected immobilisation of phosphate incorporated in calcite precipitated by the growth of phytoplankton and N. obtusa.

8

Wpływ warunków hydrotermicznych na strukturę plonowania rutwicy wschodniej (Galega orientalis Lam.) w uprawie na nasiona

Deska J., Bombik A., Rymuza K.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2012

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T. 12, z. 2

61-76

PL

Rutwica wschodnia (Galega orientalis Lam.) jest wieloletnią rośliną bobowatą, mającą złożony system korzeniowy, co powoduje jej mniej dynamiczną reakcję na niedobory wody niż innych roślin bobowatych. W wieloletnim, jednoczynnikowym doświadczeniu założonym w układzie całkowicie losowym, prowadzonym na terenie obiektu doświadczalnego Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach, uprawiano rutwicę wschodnią odmiany Gale. W latach 2000-2004 badano wpływ opadów i temperatury powietrza w kolejnych miesiącach wegetacji na wybrane elementy struktury plonowania nasiennego: liczbę gron na roślinie, długość osadki owocostanu (grona), długość produktywnej części osadki, średnią liczbę strąków w gronie, masę strąków na pędzie, liczbę i masę nasion z pędu oraz masę tysiąca nasion (MTN). Próby pobierano losowo w trzeciej dekadzie lipca w okresie pełnej dojrzałości strąków na pędach. Uzyskane wyniki zestawiono i opracowano, obliczając wartość średnią i współczynnik zmienności, a uzyskane średnie porównano, stosując test t-Studenta, na poziomie istotności p ≤ 0,05. Dla parametrów struktury plonu wyznaczono równania regresji wielokrotnej, opisujące wpływ badanych warunków hydrotermicznych na plon masy nasion. Równania regresji wielokrotnej wykazały największy, istotny wpływ na różnicowanie elementów struktury plonu warunków hydrotermicznych w lutym, marcu i maju. Istotnie dodatni wpływ na liczbę strąków na pędzie oraz liczbę i masę nasion wywierały większe opady w marcu, natomiast większe od średnich opady w lipcu istotnie ograniczały liczbę i masę nasion na pędzie. Największą reakcję na zmiany warunków hydrotermicznych wykazała liczba strąków na pędzie oraz masa tysiąca nasion.

EN

The fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is a perennial plant of Fabaceae having a complex root system, which makes its response to water deficits less dynamic than that of other legumes. The fodder galega var. Gale was grown in a long-term, univariate experiment set up randomly at the experimental object of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. In the years 2000-2004 the effect of precipitation and air temperature in the vegetation period on selected components of seed yield (the number of clusters per plant, length of a cluster (circle), length of the productive part of cluster, the average number of pods in a cluster, the mass of pods on the shoot, the number and mass of seeds and the mass of thousand seeds) was studied. Samples were taken randomly at the end of July in the period of full maturity of pods on shoots. The results were summarized and compiled by calculating the mean and coefficient of variation, and resulting means were compared using Student's t test at significance level of p ≤ 05. The yield structure parameters were determined by multiple regression equations describing the effect of studied hydro-thermal conditions on the seed mass yield. Multiple regression showed the largest, significant effect of hydro-thermal conditions on the differentiation of yield components in February, March and May. Significantly positive impact on the number of pods per shoot and the number and mass of seeds was exerted by larger precipitation in March, but higher than average rainfall in July significantly limited the number and mass of seeds per shoot. The greatest response to changes in hydro-thermal conditions was noted in the number of pods per shoot and the mass of one thousand seeds.

9

Plonowanie zbóż ozimych w zależności od warunków termiczno-opadowych na polach produkcyjnych rolniczej stacji doświadczalnej w Zawadach

Rymuza K., Marciniuk-Kluska A., Bombik A.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2012

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T. 12, z. 2

207-220

PL

W pracy określono zależności między plonem zbóż ozimych a czynnikami meteorologicznymi - miesięcznymi sumami opadów i średnimi miesięcznymi wartościami temperatury w czasie wegetacji. W opracowaniu wykorzystano średnie plony ziarna pszenżyta ozimego oraz żyta, uzyskane w latach 1998-2010 z pól produkcyjnych Rolniczej Stacji Doświadczalnej w Zawadach, należącej do Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach (powiat siedlecki, woj. mazowieckie). Zależność między uzyskanym plonem a warunkami termiczno-wilgotnościowymi opisano za pomocą współczynników korelacji prostej r oraz równań wielokrotnej regresji liniowej. Na podstawie modelu regresji dla całego okresu wegetacyjnego stwierdzono, że plonowanie pszenżyta ozimego zależało (w ponad 30%) od temperatury w grudniu i marcu oraz opadów w styczniu (40%). Plonowanie żyta było determinowane głównie średnią temperaturą czerwca (prawie 40%) oraz opadami w styczniu (21%) i maju (18%). Plon pszenżyta zależał istotnie od temperatury, panującej w fazie wegetacji jesiennej i okresu spoczynku oraz opadów w okresie spoczynku i wegetacji wiosennej. W przypadku żyta takich zależności nie stwierdzono. Opracowane modele, z wykorzystaniem procedury regresji krokowej dla całego okresu wegetacji, bardzo dobrze opisywały zależność plonowania od warunków termiczno-wilgotnościowych zarówno żyta, jak i pszenżyta ozimego. Gorsze dopasowanie danych empirycznych do wyestymowanych funkcji uzyskano dla równań, opisujących zależność plonowania roślin od warunków termicznowilgotnościowych, panujących w poszczególnych fazach wegetacji.

EN

We determined the relationships between winter cereal yields and the monthly sum of precipitation and monthly mean temperatures during the growing season. The work is based on average grain yields of winter triticale and rye from the years 1998-2010 obtained from the Zawady Experimental Farm owned by the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. The relationship between yield and the thermal and precipitation conditions was described with linear correlation coefficients r and equations of multiple linear regression. The relationships were analysed over the whole growing season and in selected growing stages (autumn growth, rest period, spring initiation of growth, stage of grain formation and maturation). The regression model for the whole growing season showed that winter triticale yields (in over 30%) depended on the temperature in December and March and on precipitation in June (in almost 40%), January (21%) and May (18%). The relationships between cereal yields and temperature and precipitation in individual growth periods were parabolic in most cases. Triticale yield was significantly affected by temperature during the autumn growth stage and the period of rest and by precipitation in the period of rest and spring growth. No such relationships were found for rye. Moreover, the multiple regression procedure was found to be useful when constructing "weather- yield" equations. The models obtained for the whole growing season with the stepwise regression procedure described very well the relationship between yields and thermal and precipitation conditions for both rye and winter triticale. Poorer fit of empirical data to the model functions were obtained for equations describing the relationship between cereal yields and thermal and precipitation conditions during individual growth stages.

10

Effects of site conditions on sexual dimorphism and sex ratio in lowland populations of Aruncus sylvestris Kostel. (Rosaceae)

Marciniuk J., Marciniuk P., Rymuza K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

249-257

EN

Studies on sexual dimorphism in reference to vegetative features and on the sex ratio in different environmental conditions were carried out in lowland populations of dioecious species Aruncus sylvestris. It was shown that female individuals of Aruncus sylvestris produced higher flowering shoots, longer inflorescences, more leaves and longer and broader leaves than the male ones. All listed differences were statistically significant. In populations of Aruncus sylvestris growing in optimum ecological conditions (fertile and wet soil, half-light) the sex ratio M/F is close to 1:1. Changes of ecological conditions along the gradient of fertility, habitat moisture (estimated by the types of phytocoenoses) and intensity of solar radiation caused marked drift of sex structure towards the male domination. Light intensity was the crucial factor for the sex ratio in studied populations. Populations growing in half-light showed sex ratio M/F [is approximately equal to] 1:1 irrespective of habitat. Those growing in shade and in full light showed significant shift to male dominance. The largest deviation from 1:1 sex ratio (M/F [is approximately equal to] 1.0:0.2) was observed in extremely unfavorable habitat conditions (full sun irradiance, dry soil, strong competition from Elymus repens (L.) Gould). Obtained results demonstrated that female individuals of Aruncus sylvestris had markedly higher habitat requirements compared with the male ones.