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1
Content available remote Bacteriostatic textile-polymeric coat materials modified with nanoparticles
EN
The aim of the present study was to develop a process for the preparation of nanoparticles with antybacterial/bacteriostatic properties including the conditions of using these particles in textile-polymeric coating materials with stable bacteriostatic properties. The developed functional particles consist of submicro-spheres (mainly of SiO2 -Fig. 1) made by the "sol-gel" technique. On their developed surface, "nanoislets" of an antibacterial agent such as metallic silver (Ag) were durably deposited (Figs 2 and 3). Such bioactive particles were then incorporated into either hydrophobic (with micro-porous structure) or hydrophilic (with compact structure) polyurethane coats during their production, obtaining the required uniform dispersion of single functional nanoparticles in the polymeric matrix (Fig. 4). To assess the performance stability of the bacteriostatic coating materials they were subjected to 10 standard laundering tests and no deterioration was found in their bacteriostatic properties, as well as in their structure and characteristics such as barrier and hygienic properties (watertightness, water vapor permeability or resistance of water vapor flow) as compared to those of corresponding unmodified materials (Figs 5,6, 7, Tables 1 and 2).
PL
Celem badań przedstawionych w niniejszej publikacji było opracowanie technologii wytwarzania nanocząstek o właściwościach antybakteryjnych/bakteriostatycznych i warunków zastosowania tego rodzaju cząstek we włókienno-tworzywowych materiałach powłokowych o trwałych właściwościach bakteriostatycznych. Opracowane cząstki funkcjonalne stanowią wytworzone techniką „zol-żel” submikrokule (głównie z SiO2 - rys. 1), na których rozwiniętej powierzchni został trwale osadzony czynnik antybakteryjny w postaci „nanowysepek” srebra metalicznego (Ag) (rys. 2, 3). Takie bioaktywne cząstki wprowadzano następnie do powłok poliuretanowych na etapie ich tworzenia - hydrofobowych o strukturze mikroporowatej oraz hydrofilowych o strukturze zwartej - uzyskując wymagane równomierne monocząstkowe rozproszenie cząstek funkcjonalnych w tworzywie matrycy polimerowej (rys. 4). W celu oceny trwałości użytkowej tak wytworzonych bakteriostatycznych materiałów powłokowych, poddawano je 10-krotnemu znormalizowanemu praniu, nie stwierdzając obniżenia właściwości bakteriostatycznych, ani też pogorszenia ich struktury i właściwości barierowych - wodoszczelności i higienicznych - przepuszczalności lub oporu przepływu pary wodnej, w stosunku do odpowiednich materiałów niemodyfikowanych (rys. 5, 6, 7, tabela 1, 2).
2
Content available remote Submicron-sized hybrid SiO2-Ni powders produced with the sol-gel method
EN
Magnetic powders based on metallic nickel nanoparticles encapsulated in submicron-sized spherical silica shells have been obtained and investigated. The nickel clusters were produced by the exploding wire method. The silica shells were prepared via the modified sol-gel Stober method, and the metallic particles were entrapped by their occlusion during silica powder formation. The obtained hybrid materials were investigated by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic, and potential techniques. The obtained materials can potentially be employed in such applications as magnetically controlled drug vectors or electromagnetic field shielding.
EN
One of the classes of materials that can be obtained via the sol-gel method are uniform sub-micron silica spherical particles. When deposited on a substrate, they typically form random patterns. In this work, we introduce a method allowing one to influence the shape of the structures created on a substrate by the silica spheres. The silica spherical particles with diameter of about 500 nm where deposited on silicon substrates using a simple process of sedimentation. Various structures, like grooves and pits, were earlier prepared by wet etching on surfaces of these silicon substrates. The process led to arranging the silica spheres within the silicon structures, reproducing the shapes of the substrates. The preliminary results are documented by the images from a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Further research on improvement of the patterns forming is under way.
EN
TiO2 thin film obtained by the sol-gel technique was used as the active layer in an electric sensor to distinguish the vapours of four volatile organic compounds: hexane, hexanol, cyclohexane and benzene. The measurements were performed at various temperatures of the sensing layer. Some of the output signals obtained from the sensor were characterized by low reproducibility, even within the data series obtained for the same gas. With the current design of the gas sensor, it was sometimes impossible to obtain a reproducible and stable output signal. Therefore, a neural network was used to pre-process the data. A bipolar transfer function of neurons was used as it had the shortest learning time of the network and produced the most stable results. The best results were obtained for a 4-4-4 topology of the neural network, where the input data were the values of the current at 440 and 360 °C when the sensor was exposed to a flow of air with or without organic vapours, with a 4-neuron hidden layer, and BE, CH, HL, HX outputs, each one associated with specific substance (benzene, cyclohexane, hexanol and hexane). The neural network was configured as a classifier recognizing four specific gases.
EN
The sol-gel technology emerged within the last two decades and quickly became one of the most important and promising new material fabrication methods Titanium and silica-titanium thin films have been synthesized via sol-gel method. Physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of derived thin films have been measured. Obtained results indicate possible application of thin films as coatings on implants.Basing on the fatigue strength test, tensile tests and SEM microscopy it could be concluded that a high level of adhesion characterized examined coatings. A thesis was advanced that an appropriate combination of the most significant factors: implant surface and the type of an indirect layer, as well as proper relations of the implant - bone deformations should allow to obtain an optimum solution to the problem of reactions between bone and an implant.
PL
Podjęto prace, aby stosując metodę zol-żel, wytwarzać materiały do budowy superkondensatorów. Technika ta stwarza dogodne możliwości technologiczne wszędzie tam, gdzie wykorzystuje się układy warstwowe , a także gdzie wymagane jest kontrolowane rozwinięcie powierzchni. Zastosowaniami takimi mogą być wielowarstwowe układy celek superkondensatorowych.
EN
The main aim of research is to use sol-gel method for manufacturing materials of supercapacitors. The sol- gel technique is one of the fastest growing fields of contemporary chemistry. The main advantage of this process stems from the fact that it offers an alternative approach to conventional production of glasses, glass-like materials and ceramics of various properties and applications. Work will focus on problems concerning the implementation of advanced materials allowing for a new generation of supercapacitor single cells. A material will be defined, that fits ecological and economical requirements, as well as construction and production technology demands.
EN
Conventional glass preparation requires melting of the precursors at high temperatures, rapid cooling and subsequent vitrification of the glassy material. This procedure highly restricts choice of substances which can be entrapped in the glass products. Basically only metal oxides and some inorganic salts can survive such drastic conditions avoiding thermal decomposition. Furthermore, the way in which conventional glass is produced makes thin films preparation extremely cumbersome and the only method of preparation of porous classical glasses requires etching or partial dissolving (e.g. VycorŽ glass). On the other hand glass and glassy materials possess several useful features for optical applications such as transparency, homogeneity, mechanical sturdiness, high refractive index etc. An alternative approach to glass and glass-like materials is offered by the, so called, sol-gel technology. The process itself is known for more than a century [1], but it has gained a new importance in the last two decades after pioneering results of Dislich [2]. He and other researchers improved the chemistry of the process so much that it is now possible to obtain samples in days (or even hours - in case of thin films) rather than months (or years) like in the case of the early samples [1]. The sol-gel technique is based on hydrolysis of liquid precursors and formation of colloidal sols. The precursors are usually organosilicates (e.g. TEOS -tetraethoxysilane) yielding silicate sol-gel materials.
EN
The sol-gel technology provides a relatively simple and cheap method of production of submicron-sized powders. Also, due to its wet-chemistry character doping and chemical modifications of such powders are fairly straightforward. Enables it obtaining various active powders for a broad possible variety of applications.
PL
Do najszybciej obecnie rozwijanych grup włókienniczych wyrobów „high-tech” należą włókienno-tworzywowe materiały warstwowe, których jednym z podstawowych składników jest błona polimerowa. Błona ta ma decydujące znaczenie dla kształtowania właściwości barierowych i higienicznych całego materiału warstwowego. Właściwości barierowe to przede wszystkim wodo- i wiatroszczelność czy nieprzepuszczalność mikrocząstek stałych, bakterii i alergenów. Właściwości higieniczne są określane głównie przez przepuszczalność pary wodnej (w warunkach statycznych) oraz opór pary wodnej (w warunkach dynamicznych). Błony takie można modyfikować przez dodatek odpowiednich napełniaczy funkcjonalnych, przy czym ze względu na efektywność oddziaływania oraz brak niekorzystnego wpływu na strukturę i właściwości błon polimerowych, szczególnie dobre rezultaty daje zastosowanie napełniaczy nanocząstkowych lub submikrocząstkowych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, wykonanych w ramach Projektu Badawczego Zamawianego PBZ-KBN-095/T08/2003 „Materiały polimerowe modyfikowane nanocząstkami. Technologie – właściwości – zastosowanie”. W rezultacie tych badań opracowano syntezę, z wykorzystaniem metody „zol-żel”, submikrokul SiO2 lub TiO2 oraz układów hybrydowych SiO2-TiO2, stanowiących nośniki, na których powierzchni trwale osadzano w formie „nanowysepek” czynnik antybakteryjny/ bakteriostatyczny – srebro metaliczne Ag, nadający wytwarzanym submikroproszkom wymaganą bioaktywność. Opracowane submikromateriały charakteryzują się dobrymi właściwościami dyspergowania, jak też stabilnością uzyskiwanych dyspersji. Tak otrzymane submikroproszki były stosowane jako napełniacze do – stanowiących matryce – błon poliuretanowych, zarówno hydrofobowych mikroporowatych, jak i hydrofilowych o strukturze zwartej. Błony takie wytwarzano technikami wielowarstwowego powlekania bezpośredniego lub odwracalnego, z zastosowaniem odpowiednio dobranych, dostępnych w handlu, jednoskładnikowych nieusieciowanych poliuretanów w formie roztworów w rozpuszczalnikach organicznych lub dyspersji wodnych. Do wytwarzania błon mikroporowatych wykorzystywano zoptymalizowana metodę separacji fazowej indukowanej odparowaniem rozpuszczalnika. Submikronowe napełniacze SiO2/Ag dodawano do past powlekających, w początkowych etapach wytwarzania błon. Podstawową trudność stanowiło uzyskanie równomiernego monocząstkowego rozproszenia opracowanych napełniaczy w paście powlekającej, utrzymującego się również w usieciowanych błonach. Taki stan rozproszenia ma decydujące znaczenie, zarówno dla efektywnego wykorzystania submikromateriałów, jak i uzyskiwania oczekiwanych wyników modyfikacji, w tym przypadku bakteriostatyczności, wytwarzanych materiałów powłokowych. Wymagane równomierne monocząstkowe rozproszenie cząstek submikroproszków SiO2/Ag uzyskano w wyniku zarówno odpowiednich modyfikacji procesu syntezy tych materiałów, jak i zastosowania zoptymalizowanych warunków wytwarzania zawiesin submikroproszków. W rezultacie badań opracowano bioaktywne poliuretanowe materiały powłokowe, zarówno hydrofobowe mikroporowate, jak i hydrofilowe o strukturze zwartej, charakteryzujące się dobrymi właściwościami bakteriostatycznymi, barierowymi oraz higienicznymi, zapewniającymi wysoki komfort użytkowania wykonywanej z takich materiałów odzieży ochronnej czy sportowej, jak również wyrobów specjalnych o zastosowaniach medycznych lub w profilaktyce zdrowotnej. Badania bakteriostatyczności wytwarzanych materiałów powłokowych wykonywano stosując zarówno metodę jakościową wg PN -EN ISO 20645:2005 (U), jak i ilościową wg AATCC 100-1993, odpowiednio dostosowanych do specyficznych charakterystyk takich materiałów. Uzyskany dobry efekt bakteriostatyczności jest odporny na wielokrotne pranie użytkowe, przy czym nie występuje zjawisko uwalniania submikroproszku ze struktury materiału powłokowego ani jego migracji na powierzchnię błony poliuretanowej. Trwałość związania nanowysepek Ag metalicznego z rozwiniętą powierzchnią submikrokul SiO2 potwierdzają wyniki jakościowej i ilościowej analizy rentgenowskiej, a także analizy mikrofotograficznej SEM.
EN
The high-tech textile products that are now under the fastest development include textile-polymeric multi-layer fabrics containing polymeric membrane as one of their basic components. This membrane is of paramount importance in the formation of barrier and hygienic properties of the whole multi-layer material. Barrier properties include first of all water-tightness and wind-tightness or impenetrability of solid microparticles, bacteria and allergens. Hygienic properties concern mainly water vapor permeability (under static conditions) and water vapor resistance (under dynamic conditions). Such membranes can be modified with suitable functional fillers, among which those with nanoparticles or submicroparticles provide particularly good results due to their effectiveness of interaction and no disadvantageous effect on the structure and properties of polymeric membranes. The paper presents the results of research and tests carried out within the framework of Ordered Research Project PBZ -KBN-095/T08/2003 ”Polymeric Materials Modified with Nanoparticles. Technologies– Properties – Application”. This project resulted in the development of synthesis of SiO2 or TiO2 submicrospheres and SiO2-TiO2 hybrid systems using the sol-gel method. These systems are carriers containing on their surface deposited “nano-islets” of antibacterial or bacteriostatic agent such as metallic silver to impart required bioactivity to the produced submicropowders. The developed submicromaterials are characterized by good dispersing capability as well as stability of dispersions. The submicropowders prepared in this way were used as fillers of hydrophobic microporous or hydrophilic compact-structured polyurethane membranes. The membranes were prepared by the methods of direct multi-layer coating or reversible coating with the use of appropriately selected, commercially available, mono-component noncross- linked polyurethanes in the form of solutions in organic solvents or aqueous dispersions. The microporous membranes were made by the optimized method of phase separation induced by the solvent evaporation. Submicron SiO2/Ag fillers were added to coating pastes in the initial stages of membrane formation. The main problem was to obtain an uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles of the developed fillers in the coating paste, being also stable in the cross-linked membranes. Such a state of dispersion is very important for both effective use submicromaterials and the expected effects of modification such as bacteriostatic properties of the coated materials. The required uniform dispersion of SiO2/Ag nanoparticles was obtained owing to proper modifications of the synthesis process as well as the use of optimized conditions for the preparation of submicropowder dispersions. Finally, the performed research and tests resulted in the development of bioactive polyurethane coating materials, both hydrophobic microporous materials and hydrophilic compact-structured materials that are characterized by good bacteriostatic, barrier and hygienic properties, and provide a high comfort of using either protective clothing, sports clothes or special products for medical applications. The bacteriostatic properties of the prepared coating materials were tested qualitatively by means of PN -EN ISO 20645:2005 (U), as well as quantitatively according to ATCC 100-1993, properly adapted to the specific characteristics of such materials. The obtained bacteriostatic effect is resistant to repeated washings, while there is no release of the submicropowders from the structure of the coating material and no migration to the surface of the polyurethane membrane. The stability of combination of Ag nanoislets with the developed surface of SiO2 submicrospheres has been confirmed by the results of qualitative and quantitative X-ray analysis as well as SEM microphotography analysis.
10
Content available remote Sol-gel coatings for electrical gas sensors
EN
The influence of volatile organic compound vapours of TiO2 gas-sensing layers prepared via the sol-gel technique was investigated. The sol-gel-derived layers were tested in the environment of alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Specified organic compounds caused reversible changes of the semiconductor film resistance. The response of the titania film was registered as current intensity changes versus time at different sensor operating temperatures. The results suggested that TiO2 films prepared by the sol-gel technique can be used as chemical sensors.
11
Content available remote Textural properties of silica-based organic-inorganic polymer hybrid xerogels
EN
Samples of xerogels containing organic polymers were prepared by the sol-gel method via the reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and organic monomers with an acidic catalyst. These materials were obtained as transparent and homogeneous bulk materials. The samples were characterized by Raman and IR spectroscopies, N2-adsorption (77 K), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Specific surface areas and porosities of the samples were estimated from nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K. Textural properties such as specific surface areas (SBET), pore volume (Vp), average pore sizes (Rp), and micropore volume (VDR) were obtained. The complete adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distributions were analysed following the Dollimore-Heal method. Atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the morphology and roughness of the samples.
12
Content available remote Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles via the sol-gel technique
EN
Magnetic nanopowders have been prepared by the sol-gel method. The particles were characterized using nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and SEM techniques. The properties of the magnetic nanopowders were characterized by 57Fe Mössbauer absorption spectrometry and magnetization measurements.
13
EN
Spherical silica powders with uniform, submicron grain diameter have been obtained using the sol -gel technology. Subsequently, metallic silver nanoparticles have been produced on the surfaces of the grains. Raman scattering spectra of such SiO2-Ag0 powders impregnated in ethanol solutions of tris(2,2' -bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) can be recorded for solutions four orders of magnitude more diluted than the lowest possible concentration detectable for complex liquid solutions in the same experimental conditions (the SERS effect). Also, such silver-doped silica powders display anti-microbial capabilities and can be used to obtain doped thin-film coatings, e.g. for the production of bacteriostatic textiles.
14
Content available remote Optical properties of Eu(III) doped nanocrystalline films of TiO2
EN
The synthesis of europium (III) doped nanocrystalline TiO2 films is described. The morphology and structure of the films were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the selected area of electron diffraction (SAED) method. The photoluminescence (PL), lifetimes and cathodoluminescence (CL), recorded at room temperature, are reported. It has been found that the cathodoluminescence characteristics are significantly different from the photoluminescence ones. It is concluded that different Eu3+ sites contribute to the optical behaviour of Eu3+:TiO2 films.
15
Content available remote Optical and structural properties of sol-gel derived bioactive glasses
EN
The preparation of sol-gel derived bioactive glass thin films coated on corundum has been described. Their morphology and physicochemical features were characterized by means of XRD, SEM and UV-VIS-IR methods.
EN
Eu3+-doped BaTiO3 nanocrystalline powders have been obtained by sol-gel method. Their morphology, structure and dielectric properties have been investigated as a function of sintering temperature. The powders sintered at the temperatures below 800 st.C demonstrate luminescence behaviour characteristic of the inversed symmetry Eu3+ sites, where only the 5D0 ??7F1 transitions are allowed. Above this temperature the system undergoes a phase transition characterized by lack of inversion symmetry enabling the dipole-electric transitions.
PL
Fotodynamiczna terapia nowotworów jest nowoczesną i ciągle rozwijającą się dziedziną współczesnej fotochemii i onkologii. Fotouczulacze należące do rodzin porfiryn, ftalocyjanin i karbocyjanin znajdują komercjalne zastosowania w leczeniu rozmaitych schorzeń nowotworowych. Fotodynamiczne i biochemiczne właściwości karbocyjanin powodują iż są one intensywnie badaną obiecującą klasą potencjalnych leków przeciwnowotworowych. Immobilizacja fotouczulaczy w takich matrycach, jak micelle czy szkła zol-żelowe, wpływa dramatycznie na równowagi agregacji i fotostabilność molekuł tych barwników.
EN
The photodymanic therapy of cancer is a new and intesively growing field of the contemporary photochemistry and onkology. Photosensitizers belonging to porphyrins, phtalocyanines and carbocyanines have found commercial applications in the treatment of various cancer diseases. Immobilization of those photosensitizers in solid matrices such as micelles or sol-gel glasses dramatically influences the aggregation equilibria and photostability of the dyes.
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