Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

The Settlements Established by the Moravian Church (Brothers) in Lower Silesia

Jaworek-Jakubska J., Staffa M.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2018

|

nr 4

36--53

EN

During the Counter-Reformation, Silesia became the refuge for numerous groups of Bohemian Protestants, especially Orthodox ones, such as the Moravian Church (Moravian Brothers, Unitas Fratrum). They settled in areas whose owners were favourably disposed towards them. While the Counter-Reformation progressed, they were increasingly pushed away westwards, towards Saxony. The biggest group reached Berthelsdorf in Lusatia, where it set up a settlement called Herrnhut within the estate of Nicolas Ludwig, Count von Zinzendorf. Zinzendorf, providing Herrnhut with financial and spiritual care, was striving to establish a supradenominational community from the very beginning. The congregation adopted an ascetic, religious lifestyle based on strictly defined rules, which was reflected in the development and urban layout of the settlement. After 1730, because of political and religious difficulties, the community began to set up new settlements outside Saxony (in Europe, North America and the Far East) modelled after Herrnhut. Three settlements were established under Zinzendorf’s influence in Silesia: in Piława Górna and in Kruszyn near Bolesławiec (1743), and in Pawłowiczki near Koźle (1750). All were formed on the same principles and a nearly identical layout to that of Herrnhut. All received similar names: Piława - Gnadenfrei, Kruszyn - Gnadenberg, and Pawłowiczki - Gnadenfeld.

PL

W okresie kontrreformacji na Śląsk uciekały liczne grupy czeskich protestantów, zwłaszcza ortodoksyjnych, jak bracia morawscy. Osiedlały się one na terenie przychylnie im nastawionych właścicieli dóbr. W miarę postępu kontrreformacji byli oni wypychani coraz dalej na zachód w stronę Saksonii. Największa grupa dotarła do Berthelsdorfu na Łużycach, gdzie założyła w dobrach hrabiego Nikolausa Ludwiga von Zinzendorfa osadę nazwaną Herrnhut. Zinsendorf, otaczając Herrnhut opieką materialną i duchową, od samego początku dążył do stworzenia ponadwyznaniowej społeczności. Zgromadzenie przyjęło ascetyczny, religijny tryb życia oparty na ściśle określonych regułach, co znalazło swoje odzwierciedlenie w formie zabudowy i układzie urbanistycznym osady. Po 1730 roku herrnhuci ze względu na trudności polityczno-religijne zaczęli zakładać nowe osiedla na wzór Herrnhut poza terenem Saksonii (w Europie, w Ameryce Północnej i na Dalekim Wschodzie). Na Śląsku pod wpływem Zinzendorfa powstały trzy osady: w Piławie Górnej i w Kruszynie pod Bolesławcem (1743) oraz w Paw- łowiczkach pod Koźlem (1750). Wszystkie powstały na tych samych zasadach i zostały prawie identycznie rozplanowane na wzór Herrnhut. Nosiły też podobne nazwy: Piława - Gnadenfrei, Kruszyn - Gnadenberg, a Pawłowiczki - Gnadenfeld.

2

Infrastruktura narciarska w krajobrazie górskim

Staffa M.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2010

|

nr 4

4--10

EN

Any investment made in the mountains is in some way interference with their landscape, often with a loss for the scenic qualities. Recently escalate projects and realizations related with the ski infrastructure, also in areas particularly environmentally protected. They also tend to be a threat to other types of tourism by belittling of the "space tourist", they cause irreparable, or at least long-term losses for the landscape. Skiing has changed its character: from tourism and wander it came to the sport forms, even the playing field forms. Now dominates the model of different sizes and differently equipped so called ski stations, which consist of interrelated systems of lines and lifts, and connected with them ski runs and cross-country tracks. They occupy large tracts of the slopes, even to dorsal lots, require significant deforestation and consequently, instead of the beautiful natural panoramas it is observed artificially cut of the ski runs slopes. Mountains become the "wiring", and instead of trees the forest of supports and masts of the load-bearing, propulsion, lighting and snow making equipments grows on them. All these objects are part of a terrible landscape, and also hinder the other users to navigate in the mountains. Meanwhile, the natural climatic and snow conditions in the Polish mountains absolutely not support for such an intensive ski development, because the winter season takes them more than 3-4 months, while the devices reside in the landscape throughout the year. Laws should at least arise (like in other countries) that require owners of ski lifts removal or masking of them after the season.

3

Wieże i punkty widokowe w krajobrazie Ziemi Kłodzkiej

Staffa M., Latocha A.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2009

|

nr 1

33-43

EN

Increasing belief that former forms of touristic management, with simultaneous interest of self-governments and social organizations, in development of various form of tourism based on searching for new "touristic products" which can be sold with a profit caused a surprisingly high interest in viewing towers so characteristic for the Sudeten. The apogee of their creation was on the brink of the 19th and 20th century. Only a few of them which were erected at that time were preserved until now in good technical shape and serve the initial purpose. Most of them were devastated or completely disappeared from the landscape. Others lost their viewing value because of the growth of trees surrounding them. Many self-governments from the Sudeten region are presently planning (most commonly basing on expected European Union resources) rebuilding or more often building viewing towers in their areas. The problem increases, especially if we take into consideration the fact that each tower is a far-reaching intrusion on the landscape, regularly already protected by law or deserving such protection. Even an open-worked, light tower becomes a landscape dominant mark, due to its location at altitude. To control the situation and direct such tendencies an attempt was made, in co-operation with self-governments, to define the scale of the problem and pointing out possible locations of towers and viewing points in the area of Kłodzko Land with use of the objects which already exist, both managed and those which were not exploited up to now.

4

Dynamika krajobrazu górskiego

Staffa M.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2007

|

nr 2

4-8

EN

A mountain landscape is characterized by a highest dynamics resulting from a diversified shaping, natural values, changeable conditions and individual characterological features of the observer. The phenomenon of space-time continuum and the velocity of the changes occurring while moving about in the area are of a great significance for the dynamics of the mountain landscape. These transformations of the mountain landscape find their reflection,and influence numerous forms of life and culture. For a long time it has been observed in art, especially in painting and literature, which shaped the conventional canons of beauty and the manners of environment perception. In the mountains they created fashion for particular threads or forms of folklore. The dynamics of the mountain landscape is influenced by existence of very strong aspects of the 'third dimension' i.e. drops expressing themselves in daring forms of shape. The dynamics is stressed by contemporary phenomena connected with more and more rapid transformations resulting from economic and social processes. Unfortunately, these changes are of decidedly destructive character and, by introducing for example contemporary, very aggressive dominants, often bring about irremediable loss in the natural elements and spectacular values of mountain landscapes.

5

Atrakcyjność turystyczna miejscowości sudeckich

Staffa M.

Architektura Krajobrazu

|

2003

|

nr 3-4

12-23

EN

The Sudety mountains, with the most impressive Karkonosze massif, create the natural border between Poland and Czech Republic, situated very close to the German border. This area could be considered as one of the most attractive tourist regions of our country (especially for winter sports), because of its unique geological, natural, cultural and landscape values. Unfortunately, its "golden age" of tourism has finished in the early 40s, because of the war and post-war socio-economic conditions. Signs of the former popularity are still visible all over the countryside, particularly in the architecture of the old ski-centres and spas. Author presents the typology of more or less known mountain locations, analysing their tourist values and perspectives of development. Report underlines the need of preserving the features of regional identity and creating the new attractive offers, taking into account the contemporary standards and differentiated expectations of customers.