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Electricity and biogas production in portable biodigester-microbial fuel cells: Optimum substrate composition and ratio from organic waste

Astuti Septin Puji, Purwono Purwono, Ulya Annida Unnatiq

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 2

379--391

EN

Organic waste comes from various sources, such as food or vegetable waste and animal manurequickly decomposes in nature, but it significantly impacts the environment and human health, with methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from organic waste contributing to global warming, and further harming the environment. This study aims to determine the optimal substrate composition of organic waste from vegetable and cow manure for generating electricity using an integrated anaerobic digestion (AD) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) system. The experiment used portable biodigester-MFCs systems for households and was conducted for eight weeks. Four biodigester reactors using different ratios of vegetable waste to cow manure were applied: R1 (100%:0%), R2 (75%:25%), R3 (50%:50%), and R4 (0%:100%). The result shows the highest electrical voltage in the third reactor (R3), registering at 0.62 mV, consisting of 50% cow manure and 50% vegetable waste. The highest biogas yield (13,192 ml) comes from the second reactor (R2), with a composition of 25% cow manure and 75% vegetable waste. The addition of cow manure to vegetable waste enhanced electricity production through CH4production in an anaerobic digestion process. Based on the above result, substrate composition and ratios are needed to influence the optimum pH and temperature to optimise the metabolic activity of bacteria in portable MFCs efficiently. Among the four biodigester tested, R2, with a 75% vegetable waste to 25% cow manure ratio, achieved the highest biogas yield of 13.192 ml and highest CH4content. Conversely, R4, comprising 100% cow manure, produced the smallest biogas volume but achieved the highest CH4. These findings highlight the significant role of cow manure in biogas production and the challenges of utilising vegetable and organic waste effectively.

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Integrated Ozone-Fenton Treatment – A Breakthrough in Pharmaceutical Wastewater Purification

Hardyanti Nurandani, Zaman Badrus, Pramesti Ifta Anisa, William Gabriel Stanley, Purwono Purwono

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 11

228--240

EN

The growing pharmaceutical industry has increased the production of wastewater containing pollutants that are resistant to conventional treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated advanced oxidation process (AOP) combining ozonation and Fenton oxidation for treating pharmaceutical wastewater. The objective was to determine whether this combined approach could achieve higher removal efficiencies for key pollutants, including turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC), compared to individual processes. The research involved applying ozonation and Fenton oxidation, both separately and in combination, to wastewater samples. The study identified the optimal conditions for the integrated treatment by adjusting the concentrations of Fenton reagents and the duration of ozone exposure. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed based on the removal efficiencies of turbidity, BOD, COD, and TOC. The results demonstrated that the combined ozone-Fenton process was highly effective, achieving removal efficiencies of 98.74% for turbidity, 96% for BOD, 99.56% for COD, and 96.63% for TOC. These findings highlight the potential of this combined AOP as a promising approach for improving the degradation of pollutants in pharmaceutical wastewater. However, the study’s limitations include the need for further research to optimize the process for different wastewater types and to evaluate its long-term environmental impact and cost-effectiveness. The study’s practical value lies in its potential industrial application, providing a more effective alternative to conventional treatment methods. The originality of the research is in systematically exploring the synergistic effects of combining ozonation and Fenton oxidation, contributing to advanced wastewater treatment development.

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Acceleration Process of Food Waste Treatment and Higher Quality Product with Innovative Rotary Kiln Composter

Purwono Purwono, Zaman Badrus, Budihardjo Mochamad Arief, Iqbal Muhammad Junaid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 11

44--57

EN

The objective of this research is to utilize a rotary kiln composter to rapidly process food waste into mature and stable compost without the production of leachate. This research also ensures that the compost generated fulfil to the quality standards established by SNI 19-7030-2004. Furthermore, the operation of the rotary kiln composter can be assisted by using a smartphone, which simplifies the operation. Food waste was chopped and placed into a rotary kiln composter equipped with an aeration system (6 L/min), stirring mechanism, and remote-control functionality via mobile phone for automated operation. Further, a bulking agent was added with a ratio of food waste vs bulking agent of 70:30. The addition of microorganism mass was varied to speed up the composting process for 14 days. The results showed that the compost derived from food waste was stable within 3 days. The temperature of the food waste matrix reached 46 °C, and the pH value of the compost was close to neutral since day 4. In this study, no leachate was produced, either R1, R2, R3, or R4. The final total organic carbon (TOC) content was 12.12–15.22%, Total-N was 0.83–1.04%, phosphorus was 0.18%, and potassium was 1.05%. On the basis of the C / N value and the germination index (GI), the R2, R3, and R4 reactors produced mature and stable compost on the third day with C/N values < 20 and GI > 100%. This result is a good breakthrough because the rotary kiln composter can accelerate the composting process of food waste within 3 days.