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Pięćsetlecie urodzin Gerarda Merkatora i jego znaczenie dla geoinformacyjnego etapu rozwoju kartografii

Berlant A. M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2011

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T. 43, nr 1

27-34

PL

Gerard Merkator (Kremer) (1512-1594), flamandzki kartograf, matematyk i geograf urodził sie w Rupelmonde we Flandrii 5 marca 1512. Podczas studiów w Bois-le-Duc i Lowanium poznał Georgiusa Macropediusa i Gemmę Frisiusa dzięki którym zainteresował się kartografią i naukową geografią. W roku 1534 założył pracownię geograficzną w Lowanium, a w latach 1537-1538 wydał swoją pierwszą mapę Palestyny i małą mapę świata w odwzorowaniu sercowym. W roku 1541 stworzył swój słynny globus ziemi, który otrzymał w prezencie król Karol V. W roku 1551 powstał kolejny globus, tym razem nieba. W 1544 Merkator został na krótko aresztowany i oskarżony o herezję. Wkrótce przyjął zaproszenie Uniwersytetu w Duisburgu, gdzie uczył matematyki w szkole przygotowującej kandydatów na studia. Następnie został kosmografem i osiadł na stałe w Niemczech. W roku 1554 w Duisburgu Merkator zakończył swój projekt nowej mapy Europy. "Odwzorowanie Merkatora" miało taka cechę, że południki, równoleżniki i boki rombów miały na mapie formę linii prostych. W 1569 Merkator przedstawił swoją mapę świata dla celów nawigacji. Była to ostatnia mapa wielkoformatowa w której zastosował odwzorowanie walcowe równokątne znane pod jego imieniem. Jako pierwszy użył słowa "atlas" w odniesieniu do zestawu map. W 1585 Merkator opublikował pierwszy tom swojego atlasu w formie książkowej. Po jego śmierci w 1594 roku jego syn Romuld Merkator i wydawca Henrik Hondius dokończyli Atlas i wydali go w dwóch częściach. Idee Gerarda Merkatora wywierają wielki wpływ na nowoczesną kartografię. Pozostawiły ślad w teorii i wzbogaciły kartografię matematyczną. Odwzorowanie Merkatora jest zawsze używane we wszelkiego rodzaju mapach nawigacyjnych (morskich, lotniczych i drogowych). Merkator przyczynił się także do powstania globusa i wniósł znaczący wkład w kartograficzną metodykę badań - nalegał, aby każdy produkt kartograficzny (mapa, globus) zawierał instrukcję użycia i metodę pomiarów kartometrycznych. Największym osiągnięciem naukowca jest ustalenie zasad tworzenia atlasów i samo słowo "atlas", któremu współczesne znaczenie nadał Merkator.

EN

Gerard Mercator (Kremer) (1512-1594) - was a Flemish cartographer, mathematician and geographer, born at Rupelmonde, in Flanders, on the 5th of March 1512. While studding at Bois-le-Duc and Louvain (where he became licentiate), he met Georgius Macropedius and Gemma Frisius, from them he derived much of his inclination to cartography and scientific geography. In 1534 he founded his geographical establishment at Louvain and in 1537-1538 he published his earliest known map of Palestine and a small map of the world in double hart-shaped projection. In 1541 he issued the famous terrestrial globe which has been presented to King Charles V. In 1551 a celestial globe followed. In 1544 Mercator was arrested for short time and prosecuted for heresy and then he accepted the invitation from University of Duisburg. He taught mathematics in a school designed to prepare students for University. Then he became a cosmographer permanently settled in Germany. In 1554 in Duisburg Mercator completed his project to produce a new map of Europe. The 'Mercator projection' had the property that lines of longitude, latitude and rhomb lines appear as straight lines on the map. In 1569 Mercator presented his world map to be used in navigation. It was Mercator's last map in large format where he used the angle perspective cylindrical projection bearing his name. He was also the first to use the term 'atlas' for a collection of maps. In 1585 Mercator published the first volume of his own world atlas in a book form. After his death in 1594 his son Romuld Mercator together with map publisher Henrik Hondius completed the Atlas and published it in 1589 in 2 parts which included 80 maps. Ideas of Gerard Mercator have a great influence on modern cartography. They left the trace in its theory, enriched mathematical cartography. Mercator's projection is always used for all types of navigation maps (marine, aviation and auto). Mercator made the significant contribution in globes creation as well as in the cartographic method of research since he was the one who insisted that every cartographic product (map, globe) should be accompanied by the instructions for its use and the techniques on how to make cartometric measurements on the maps. The biggest contribution of the great scientist are the principles of atlas mapping and the word 'atlas' itself was started to be used by Mercator.

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Uniwersytecka kartografia geograficzna - tradycje i innowacje

Berlant A. M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2009

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T. 41, nr 2

93-102

PL

Autor przedstawia koncepcję kształcenia kartografów na Wydziale Geografii Uniwersytetu Moskiewskiego. Opiera się ona na integracji wiedzy z zakresu trzech pokrewnych dziedzin: kartografii, geoinformatyki i teledetekcji.

EN

Contemporary cartography can not be contained within the frames of cartographical-geodesic or geographical disciplines. It should be considered as one of the sciences of Earth and the planets, and its subject is a systematic cartographic presentation and spatial modeling of geosystems. Such approach defines the organization of cartographers' education at Lomonosov Moscow State University, which in turn influences the educational policy and standards of other Russian universities. The fundamental rule of university education of cartographers is the integration of three basic disciplines: cartography, geoinformaties and remote sensing, which form basic teaching modules. Particular significance is given to the conservatism in university training of cartographers. According to the author, reorganization and changes are against the spirit of academic education. innovations should be introduced only as a result of scientific schools' development and refinement of scientific experience. University knowledge develops through accumulating, broadening and addition of the new to the already known. Innovation in education is manifested in the introduction of new scientific and practical ideas, renewal and improvement of methodology, technology and educational resources leading to formation of knowledge and competence. innovative means include: 1) electronic handbooks and video lectures, 2) computer exercises, 3) multimedia presentations and slides, 4) electronic school-methodological atlases, 5) school and training GIS databases, 6) dictionaries, glossaries and directories, 7) electronic scientific monographies, 8) on-line seminars, classes, Wi-Fi access.

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Globusy elektroniczne - innowacje w kartografii

Berlant A. M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2008

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T. 40, nr 3

267-278

PL

Autor omawia renesans globusów, jako środka przekazywania informacji o całej kuli ziemskiej w kontekście globalizacji. Omówiono kilka systemów informacji globalnej.

EN

Global visualization and monitoring of the planet are some of the current scientific tasks. Global warming of the climate, global pollution of the environment, global spreading of disease, global conflicts and global geopolitical interests, transcontinental economic structures, global division of labor etc. all require innovative technologies of global mapping and presentation on globes. The history of globes of the Earth and heavens spheres show that these amazing inventions of human mind take many forms, have many uses, show various features and big thematic variety. At the beginning of the third millennium globes were reborn in a virtual digital form. They exist on computer screens, are carried on notebook hard disks and downloaded from the Internet. Cartography made a significant step forward in its development: a cartographic large-scale model of a global electronic-information system of Planet Earth was created, capable of continuous updating. Globes are a good example of an old invention getting a new life at the next stage of cognition and development of technology. Global electronic large-scale mapping and multi-stage generalization allow for interactive transition from globes to maps and back. 'Personal' globes-atlases have been prepared not only for the Earth, but also for other planets of the solar system.

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Sieci komputerowe a kartografia

Berlant A. M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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1999

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T. 31, nr 2

83-91

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości, jakie dla kartografii stwarza Internet. Sieć ta jest rozszerzeniem możliwości kartograficznej formy przekazu, a nie zagrożeniem dla kartografii.

EN

The emergence of the Internet, which enables transmission of graphic images (i.e. also maps), is a new problem in cartography). The future of cartography will be closely connected with communication networks. It is therefore desirable to take a closer look at the conceptual and essential aspects of this issue, in order to form an opinion on the further directions of the process of transformation of cartography on the threshold of a new millenium. We can now meet with opinions, that the GIS technology will surely incorporate cartography, crowding it out, to become just a tool for visualization. However, we should hope it will never happen, since the Geographic Information Systems must be grounded not only on technology but on the systematic cognition of the world. Geoimages found in the Internet can be divided into the following categories: - static geoimages, - interactive geoimages, - animations, films, multimedia geoimages, - geoimages in the Geographic Information Systems. Currently, more and more atlases can be found in the Internet. They can be fast and efficiently up-to-dated, which is a step toward the National Atlas Information Systems. The atlases of Canada, the Netherlands and Switzerland can serve as examples. Also virtual atlases are available on the Net. This kind of atlases provides access to spatial data on different levels - from general overviews up to the country and regional profiles. The circle of Internet users is immense. Prior to 1995, over 50 million people had had access to the Internet, now the number largely increased. An average user is between 15 and 40 years of age, is well educated, and is also computer- -literate. The Internet is best developed in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Unfortunately, the Internet users lack cartographic training, and as a result, the WWW maps are more and more often prepared by nonspecialists. The use of computer networks as data transmission media, for both scientific and didactic purposes, spread in Russia in the late 1980s, with regional centers developed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk. The adventages to be gained from using computer networks as cartographic information transmission media are unquestionable. However, creating such new possibilities, the Internet itself requires a cartographic presentation. The subject of the apping process is varied; consisting of aspects of making inventories, evaluating and also of the prospects of the network development. In the author's opinion, cartography as an independent branch of science will survive, and will not melt away on the Internet.