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Purpose: It is not known how gait speed affects plantar pressure characteristics in flatfoot. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of gait speed on plantar pressure variables in flatfoot by comparing it to normal foot posture. Methods: Thirty individuals with flatfoot and 30 individuals with normal foot posture were recruited. Plantar pressure variables were obtained by a pressure-sensitive mat at self-selected slow, normal, and fast speeds. All assessments were performed on the dominant foot, and three satisfactory steps were obtained for each gait speed condition. The order of gait speeds was randomized. Results: In the flatfoot group, the contact area was higher in the midfoot, third metatarsal, and hallux at all speeds, also in the second metatarsal at slow and normal speeds than the normal foot posture group ( p < 0.05). The maximum force was higher in the midfoot and hallux at all speeds in the flatfoot group ( p < 0.05). Also, the maximum force was lower in the first metatarsal at normal and fast speeds, and in the lateral heel at fast speed ( p < 0.05). In the flatfoot group, the peak pressure was found to be higher in the hallux at slow speed, but to be lower in the first metatarsal at fast speed ( p < 0.05). Further, plantar pressure distribution was affected by gait speed in both feet. Conclusions: Analysis of plantar pressure variables should be performed at different gait speeds.
EN
Individuals with chronic neck pain (CNP) walk with a stiffer spine known to cause an increase in dynamic loading on the spine. They also exhibit altered spatiotemporal gait variables, however, it is still unclear whether flat cushioning insole, which reduces dynamic loading on the musculoskeletal system by absorbing the ground reaction force, affects gait parameters in individuals with CNP. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of flat cushioning insole on neck pain during walking and gait parameters in individuals with CNP. Methods: Twenty-one individuals with CNP and 21 asymptomatic controls were included. Assessments of gait parameters and pain were conducted in two sessions, standard shoe only and standard shoe with flat cushioning. In both sessions, all participants performed the 10-meter walk test in two walking conditions: preferred walking, walking at maximum speed. The force sensitive insoles and the video analysis method were used to assess plantar pressure variables and spatiotemporal gait variables, respectively. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale. Results: Our results indicated that flat cushioning reduced the maximum force and force-time integral in both groups ( p < 0.05). Flat cushioning increased walking speed and step length in both walking conditions and reduced neck pain during walking at maximum speed in individuals with CNP ( p < 0.05). In asymptomatic individuals, no difference was found in spatiotemporal gait variables between two sessions ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: These results have suggested that the use of flat cushioning insole may improve neck pain during walking and spatiotemporal gait variables in individuals with CNP.
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