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1 2025

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3D-BPM simulation design of a compact 3-dB optical power splitter using a 2 × 2 RI-MMI coupler on silicon waveguide

Thanh Thuy Tran Thi, Trung Hien Nguyen, Nguyen Tan Hung, Cao Dung Truong

Opto-Electronics Review

2025

Vol. 33, No. 3

art. no. e155674

Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides are favoured for their wide bandwidth, extensive fabrication tolerance, high stability, effective light confinement, and minimal transmission loss. In this study, the authors propose a numerical design of an optical power splitter based on restricted interference (RI) mechanisms using silicon-on-insulator waveguides, where the precise positioning of input pairs and subsequent adjustment of the MMI region length are essential aspects. The RI-MMI configuration facilitates the reduction of the MMI length due to the applied interference theory. The authors’ design undergoes a rigorous simulation and optimization using a highly accurate three-dimensional beam propagation method (3D-BPM) simulation method to ensure optimal performance. Simulation results confirm the authors high-performance design with low excess loss (< 2.7 dB), small relative phase difference (< 2%), negligible residual (< -18 dB), excellent coupling ratio (- 0.09 dB to 0.05 dB), and high balance factor (< - 17 dB) across the wide range of 100 nm (1500 nm–1600 nm). Furthermore, the authors’ optimized design exhibits a width tolerance of ± 2.1 μm and a height tolerance of ± 10 nm. Notably, the core component of the splitter is housed within an extremely compact footprint area of 6 μm × 65 μm. These exceptional characteristics position the authors’ proposed device as highly promising for large-scale integrated optical circuits, as well as photonic neural networks in ultrawideband telecom applications.