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1

Reliability and vulnerability of transformers for electricity transmission and distribution

Berg H., Fritze N.

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

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2015

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Vol. 6, No. 3

15--24

EN

In the last years the failure frequency of transformers increased, e.g. due to ageing or external hazards. In particular fires and explosions of main oil-filled transformers are considered as critical. Therefore, international experiences of transformer failures at nuclear and non-nuclear power plants and at substations have been investigated in more detail. Consequences of transformer failures with respect to a reliable electricity transmission and distribution as well as measures to enhance the reliability of critical infrastructure and to avoid blackouts are addressed.

2

Reliability and vulnerability of critical infrastructure : electricity distribution

Berg H, P., Fritze N.

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

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2013

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Vol. 4, No. 1

9--20

EN

In recent years the failure frequency of transformers increased. In particular fires and explosions of main oilfilled transformers are considered as critical. Therefore, international experiences of transformer failures at nuclear and non-nuclear power plants and at substations have been investigated in more detail. Consequences of transformer failures with respect to a reliable electric power supply and distribution are addressed and proactive measures to enhance the reliability of critical infrastructure and to avoid blackouts are described.

3

Risk and consequences of transformer explosions and fires in nuclear power plants

Berg H. P., Fritze N.

Journal of KONBiN

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2012

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No. 3 (23)

5--16

EN

The high failure frequency and the resultant reliability and safety implications in recent years of transformers, in particular at nuclear power plants (NPP), required an in-depth assessment. Fires of main transformers are considered as critical because of the large quantity of oil in contact with high voltage elements. Therefore, these phenomena have been investigated in more detail using the information from the OECD FIRE database for NPP. 12.8 % of all fires and, thus, the most frequent fire source in this database are transformer fires, mainly fires of high voltage oil-filled transformers. Thus, possible diagnostic measures to avoid such events and enhance the reliability currently discussed in Germany are shortly described. Moreover, consequences of transformer failures with respect to a reliable electric power supply are addressed.

PL

Wysoka częstotliwość awarii transformatorów, w szczególności w elektrowniach jądrowych (NPP) w oraz wynikające z tego następstwa dla bezpieczeństwa, wymagają dogłębnej oceny. Pożary głównych transformatorów są uważane za awarie krytyczne, gdyż duża ilość oleju ma kontakt w elementami pod wysokim napięciem. Z tego powodu te zjawiska zostały przebadane bardziej szczegółowo z wykorzystaniem informacji z bazy danych ODCE FIRE stworzonej na potrzeby elektrowni jądrowych. Ta baza danych podaje, że przyczyną 12,8% wszystkich pożarów, czyli najczęstszym źródłem ognia, było zapalenie się transformatorów, głównie wysokonapięciowych transformatorów wypełnionych olejem. Z tego powodu w artykule pokrótce opisano omawiane obecnie w Niemczech działania diagnostyczne mające na celu uniknięcie takich wypadków i zwiększenie niezawodności urządzeń. Przedstawiono ponadto skutki awarii transformatorów w odniesieniu do niezawodności zasilania w energię elektryczną.

4

Power plant transformer explosion and fire

Berg H.-P., Fritze N.

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

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2010

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Vol. 1, No. 1

35--42

EN

The transformer is the key equipment for electric power transmission. It has been found that main transformer failures require an in-depth assessment because of the high failure frequency and the resultant reliability and safety implications. Transformers are considered as a critical equipment because of the large quantity of oil in contact with high voltage elements. In particular, experience has shown an increasing number of transformer explosions and fires in all types of power plants worldwide. Therefore, these phenomena have been investigated and are discussed in more detail in this paper with regard to causes for these events, potential influence of the age of the transformers and possible diagnostic measure in order to avoid such events. For that purpose different types of databases have been evaluated.