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2 Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

2 2025

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Funkcjonowanie oczyszczalni ścieków komunalnych w aspekcie nowej unijnej dyrektywy ściekowej. Cz. 1: Oczyszczanie ścieków

Rogoziński Stefan, Mrowiec Bożena

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

2025

Vol. 9 (29)

1--14

The article presents the key provisions of the new European Parliament directive on municipal wastewater treatment, outlining the directions in which wastewater treatment technologies will need to advance. In line with the principles of the circular economy, municipal wastewater should be regarded as a source for water recovery, raw materials, and energy, both from the wastewater itself and from waste generated during its treatment processes. The quality parameters of treated wastewater necessitate the adoption of increasingly effective technologies for the removal of carbon compounds and nutrients, employing both biological and chemical methods. The elimination of micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and microplastics, will require the introduction of an additional treatment stage within municipal wastewater treatment plant systems, incorporating specific processes such as oxidation, adsorption, or filtration. The efficiency of their removal depends primarily on the chemical structure of the pollutants and their resultant physicochemical properties. Another critical aspect of municipal treatment plant operation is energy self-sufficiency and the sustainable management of sewage sludge. In this regard, treatment plants must reduce the energy consumption of technological processes and prioritise the acquisition of energy from renewable sources, including the utilisation of sludge as biofuel. Sewage sludge should also be considered a source of valuable elements, with potential for resource recovery. In light of these considerations, municipal wastewater treatment plants are evolving into production facilities that use sewage as a raw material, with increasingly high processing efficiency and improved removal of both conventional and emerg-ing pollutants. Modern technologies and legal regulations are driving the implementation of such targeted technological solutions.

Funkcjonowanie oczyszczalni ścieków komunalnych w aspekcie nowej unijnej dyrektywy ściekowej. Cz. 2: Przeróbka osadów ściekowych

Rogoziński Stefan, Mrowiec Bożena

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

2025

Vol. 10 (30)

18--32

The article presents the assumptions of the new European Parliament Directive on municipal sewage treatment with respect to sewage sludge. In line with the principles of the circular economy, municipal sludge should be processed towards organic recycling, as well as the recovery of materials and energy. Given that municipal sewage sludge (code 19 08 05) con-stitutes a specific category of waste, its management must comply with a range of legal restrictions. According to the new wastewater directive, by 2045, the total annual energy consumption of all municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in a country treating wastewater with a load equivalent to a population of ≥10,000 PE (population equivalent) must not exceed the amount of renewable energy generated by those plants. Achieving energy self-sufficiency in WWTPs may be realised through the implementation of energy-efficient solutions and the enhancement of electricity and heat production from renewable sources, including the intensification of biogas (methane) production through sewage sludge digestion and co-digestion of sludge with other biodegradable waste. Sewage sludge can also be classified as a fuel, and one of the possible approaches is its thermal conversion through on-site incineration using advanced technologies, such as combustion in a fluidised-bed furnace. Municipal sludge contains readily biodegradable organic compounds, growth substances, and macro- and micronutrients, offering potential for use as a fertiliser, provided that sanitary requirements are met. Moreover, sewage sludge, as well as ash resulting from its incineration, can serve as a source of phosphorus recovery. The recovery of this element is feasible from various sludge streams generated within municipal wastewater treatment plants. New legal regulations impose, and modern technologies enable, such directions in the development of municipal wastewater treatment plants that they are now evolving into production facilities utilising wastewater and sewage sludge as raw materials within a circular economy framework.