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1

Emisja wodoru w układach magazynowania energii wielokrotnego ładowania – wybrane przypadki

Szlęzak M., Taubert S.

Maszyny Elektryczne : zeszyty problemowe

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2017

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Nr 1 (113)

189--194

PL

Problematyka emisji wodoru jest związana z typem zastosowanego układu do magazynowania energii wielokrotnego ładowania. Zagadnienie to nabiera istotnego znaczenia w obliczu ewolucji na skalę przemysłową pojazdów z napędem spalinowym na elektryczny i ich bezpieczną eksploatację w zróżnicowanym środowisku. W pracy dokonano analizy stanu wymogów prawnych dla pojazdów elektrycznych, a w szczególności dla kategorii L7e, na podstawie aktualnych rozporządzeń delegowanych Komisji UE, jak również Regulaminu 100 EKG ONZ. Artykuł prezentuje wyniki oceny emisji wodoru metodą analityczną, jak również alternatywną metodą badań. Zaproponowana alternatywna metoda badań pomiaru wartości emisji wodoru z układów magazynowania energii w oparciu o ważenie stanowi próbę odniesienia się do metody opisanej w regulaminie, jak również do metody analitycznej. Alternatywna metoda badań emisji wodoru z układów magazynowania energii stanowi istotę w przypadku braku dostępu na rynku krajowym do specjalistycznej komory z dedykowaną aparaturą badawczą. Praca opisuje również problemy i rozwiązania symulacji stanów awarii urządzenia ładowania układu magazynowania energii opartego o baterię małej trakcji typu otwartego. W podsumowaniu zawarto dalsze kierunki rozwoju metodologii pomiaru emisji wodoru.

EN

The subject of hydrogen emission is associated with the type of system used for rechargeable energy storage. This issue is gaining importance in the face of the evolution, on an industrial scale, of the vehicles with combustion engines into the electric ones and their safe operation in a diverse environment. The study analyzes the state of the legal requirements for electric vehicles and in particular for the L7e category based on the current regulations of the delegated EU committees as well as the UN-ECE Regulation No. 100. The article presents the results of the evaluating hydrogen emission, by analytical method as well as an alternative test method. The proposed alternative test method of measuring the emissions of hydrogen from energy storage systems, based on the weighting, is an attempt to refer to the method described in the regulations as well as the analytical method. An alternative method of testing hydrogen emission from the energy storage systems is an essence in the absence of access, on the domestic market, to the specialized chamber with dedicated testing equipment. The paper also describes the problems and solutions of the fault simulation of the charging device of the energy storage system based on the open type semi-traction battery. The summary provides further directions of the development of methodology for measuring hydrogen emission.

2

Studies of energy use by electric buses in SORT tests

Gis W., Kruczyński S., Taubert S., Wierzejski A.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

135--138

EN

In article the market for electric buses in the world and in Poland have been discussed. The test methods for energy consumption of city buses in Poland and the appropriate measuring devices have been presented. The article presents the results of the energy consumption of the city bus in the test SORT 2. The results obtained were referred to results in the case other electric and conventional buses.

3

Metodyka badania emisji z układu zasilania paliwem w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji

Taubert S.

Transport Samochodowy

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2015

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z. 3

45--60

PL

Znajomość emisji zanieczyszczeń z transportu, w tym z pojazdów samochodowych, jest potrzebna w celu oceny zmniejszenia emisji zanieczyszczeń niezbędnego do spełnienia wymagań norm czystości powietrza, sporządzania ocen oddziaływania na środowisko inwestycji w zakresie ochrony środowiska i transportu, czy też oceny skuteczności podejmowanych w kraju działań dotyczących ograniczenia zanieczyszczenia środowiska przez transport. Do przeprowadzania takich ocen niezbędna jest znajomość wskaźników emisji. Jednym ze źródeł emisji zanieczyszczeń z pojazdów jest układ zasilania paliwem. Emisja z układu zasilania jest umownie dzielona na trzy rodzaje: - powstającą w wyniku dobowej zmiany temperatury otoczenia, - powstającą po zatrzymaniu częściowo lub całkowicie nagrzanego silnika samochodu, - powstającą podczas jazdy. W stosowanych metodykach CORINAIR i MEET emisja z układu zasilania wyznaczana jest jako suma określonej w oddzielnych, niezależnych testach emisji powstającej w w/wym. warunkach. Metoda ta jest słuszna tylko w przypadku nieużywania pojazdu w ciągu doby. W pozostałych przypadkach stosowanie tej metody prowadzi do zawyżania wartości emisji z układu zasilania w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji. W artykule porównano wyniki badań emisji z układu zasilania w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji otrzymane za pomocą metodyk zalecanych przez CORINAIR i MEET oraz metodyką opracowaną w ITS.

EN

The knowledge about the emissions from the transport, including motor vehicles, is needed to evaluate the emission reductions necessary to meet the requirements of air quality standards, preparation of environmental impact assessments of the investments into environmental protection and transport, or to evaluate the effectiveness of the country's actions to reduce environmental pollution from transport. To conduct such assessments it is necessary to know the emission indicators. One of the sources of emissions from vehicles is the fuel supply system. Emissions from the fuel supply are, by convention, divided into three types: - formed due to daily changes in ambient temperature, - arising after stopping, partially or fully, warmed-up car engine - produced during driving. In the CORINAIR and MEET methodologies used, the emission from the fuel supply system is determined as the sum of the, specified in separate independent tests, emissions occurring in the aforementioned conditions. This method is correct only in the case of the vehicle not being used in 24 hours. In other cases, the use of this method leads to an overstatement of the value of the emissions from the fuel supply system under real operating conditions. The article compares the results of the emissions tests from the fuel supply system under real operating conditions obtained using the methodology recommended by the CORINAIR and MEET and methodology developed at ITS.

4

Some aspects of validation of the fuel consumption measurement method

Taubert S., Majerczyk A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

457--464

EN

Currently produced diesel engines of different manufacturers, used for the same applications, have comparable specific fuel consumption. Therefore, the laboratories measuring fuel consumption, especially in comparative tests, require the use of more accurate methods of measurement. The Environmental Protection Centre of Motor Transport Institute has recently implemented the fuel consumption measurement method using KMA Mobile flow meter produced by AVL company. This device allows to carry out measurements by both volumetric and mass method, thanks to builtin device for measuring the fuel density. Due to some customers requirements the laboratory began with preparations for obtaining accreditation of the Polish Centre of Accreditation for the procedure of measuring fuel consumption by volumetric and mass method. One of the requirements of the Polish Centre for Accreditation is carrying out the validation of the new method. It can be done by comparing the results obtained with new method with the results of the method already validated. The validated method is described in the regulation. This is the carbon balance method described in UN-ECE Regulations No. 101. The calculation of fuel consumption according to this method is based on a measurement of pollutants emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (THC). This paper describes the fuel consumptions measuring procedure using two methods: mass method using a AVL KMA Mobile flow meter and carbon balance method using the AVL AMA i60 analyzers. To verify measurement results additionally there was fuel consumption measured with using a scale, as a difference of the external fuel tank mass change, from which the vehicle was fuelled during the tests

5

Influence the structure of the road surface on the measurement of distance and speed using optical head

Taubert S., Wierzejski A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

465--469

EN

The optical head is a linear vehicle speed sensor. Its action is based on image analysis of the moving road surface. A special algorithm converts it on the speed signal. Because the image of a road is analyzed, therefore the change in structure of the road surface causes change of the signal from the optical head. Therefore, for each type of surface, it is necessary to calibrate the optical head. Calibration consists of measuring, using an optical head, the length of the measurement distance, which was previously precisely measured with another reference device. Based on these two values the calibration factor is calculated, and entered afterwards in the optical head control software. This optical head is used in several the road tests, and its speed measurement function is used in the measurement of vehicle acceleration, braking distance, the total vehicle road load. This device, connected to the recorder, is also used in research on motion parameters of vehicle under real driving conditions. During these tests may occur the change of the road surface, therefore it is particularly important to know the influence of road surface structure on the signal from the optical head. This paper presents the results of optical head tests on the road with different structure and surface quality.

6

Engine testing of bus fuelled with LNG

Gis W., Żółtowski A., Taubert S., Grzelak P. L.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 4

93--98

EN

Due to finishing of conventional fossil energy resources, energy security, the desire of independence from imported fuels and reduction of emission of harmful compounds and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, there is need to explore new technologies using alternative energy sources. One of alternative energy sources, which can be used in transportation, is natural gas. Natural gas can be use in two forms: as a gas (CNG – Compressed Natural Gas), and as a liquid (LNG - Liquefied Natural Gas). Currently the most often used is CNG fuel. The vehicles, which can be supplied by CNG or LNG fuels are called Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV). The article presents the basic properties of liquefied natural gas (LNG) used as a fuel for internal combustion engines. There were made the comparison of the characteristics of CNG, LNG and diesel oil as an engine fuels in different aspects. There was presented the measurement method and measurement equipment applied in the Motor Transport Institute, used to measure the fuel consumption of LNG bus in real traffic conditions in comparison to bus, supplied by diesel oil. The results of measurements in SORT tests were presented and compared with fuel consumption of similar buses fuelled with diesel fuel.

7

Evaluation of the effectiveness of replacement catalytic converters

Gis W., Grzelak P., Taubert S., Żółtowski A.

Combustion Engines

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2013

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R. 52, nr 3

569--574

EN

The article reviews the market for replacement catalytic converters and discusses the results of comparative studies of catalytic converters: the original and the replacement. There were presented the exemplary results of emissions from vehicles exhaust system, equipped with a spark-ignition engine equipped with new catalytic converters: original and replacement. The estimation of fulfillment by replacement catalytic converters of the 103 UNECE Regulations requirements were made with an estimate of the potential impact of the use of replacement catalytic converters upon emission factors.

PL

W artykule dokonano przeglądu rynku zamiennych reaktorów katalitycznych oraz omówiono wyniki badań porównawczych reaktorów katalitycznych: oryginalnego i zamiennego. Przedstawione zostały przykładowe wyniki badań emisji zanieczyszczeń z układu wydechowego samochodu wyposażonego w silnik z zapłonem iskrowym wyposażonego w nowe reaktory katalityczne: oryginalny oraz zamienny. Dokonano oceny spełniania przez badane zamienne reaktory katalityczne wymagań regulaminu 103 EKG ONZ wraz z oszacowaniem potencjalnego wpływu stosowania zamiennych reaktorów katalitycznych na wskaźniki emisji.

8

Preliminary evaluation of emissions from off road mobile machinery operating in real working conditions

Gis W., Żółtowski A., Taubert S.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 3

125-134

EN

The paper presents results of the pollutants emission measurements from the exhaust system of the forklift truck as a representative of the off-road mobile machinery operating in real conditions. Directive 96/68/EC does not include spark ignition engines with maximum power output greater than 19 kW. In order to check the emission characteristics of the off-road mobile machinery equipped with such engine, the tests have been carried out of the H16T type forklift truck, manufactured by Linde company, fuelled with LPG. The portable analyzer (PEMS) Semtech-DS by Sensors was used for the measurements. It allowed making the necessary calculations to determine the road - test pollutants emission as a function of time. The tests included emission testing in stationary conditions and roadside emission testing of the forklift truck. The paper contains illustrations with many figures and tables showing CO, CO2, THC and NOx emissions versus speed, time and fork load of the tested machine. It contains discussion on the possibility of road emission measurements expressed in g/km for off-road machineries as well as usefulness of these measurements using portable emission measurement systems for the off-road machinery.

9

The impact of engine cooling fan configuration on the emission of pollutants by vehicle exhaust systems in chassis dynamometer tests

Gis W., Żółtowski A., Taubert S.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 3

107-115

EN

Reduction of pollutant emission by exhaust systems due to stricter limits has drastically increased the impact of previously ignored factors on the results of emission tests. One such factor is the cooling of the engine by the chassis dynamometer's external fan. Improper cooling can increase the temperature of the engine and the catalytic converter. Preliminary studies conducted by the Motor Transport Institute have confirmed that the configuration of the cooling fan influences exhaust system emissions. This article discusses the results of tests aimed at identifying the cause of changes in emission levels. To achieve this aim, emission levels were measured for various configurations of the chassis dynamometer (including both the fan speed and the distance from the front of the vehicle). During the tests, measurements were taken of temporary pollutant levels in the CVS and of the temperature of exhaust before and after the catalytic converter. The results confirmed the findings of preliminary tests. Increased exhaust emission levels were noted, though not, as anticipated, during the urban driving cycle, but rather during the final phase of the extra-urban driving cycle. Measurements were taken using a single-roller chassis dynamometer equipped with a cooling fan with a regulated fan speed specified by a second-degree curve.

10

Emisja dwutlenku węgla z transportu drogowego w Polsce

Radzimirski S., Taubert S.

Transport Samochodowy

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2010

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z. 2

77--88

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zarys metodyki szacowania rocznej emisji zanieczyszczeń, w szczególności dwutlenku węgla, z pojazdów napędzanych silnikami spalinowymi, stosowanych w transporcie drogowym w naszym kraju. Omówiono podział pojazdów na kategorie i rodzaje, zasady szacowania aktywności i wskaźników emisji. Podano wartości rocznej emisji dwutlenku węgla z całego transportu drogowego oraz wybranych kategorii i rodzajów pojazdów w okresie 1970 r. - 2008 r. oszacowane na podstawie przedstawionej metodyki.

EN

The article outlines methodology of estimating annual pollutants emission, particularly carbon dioxide, from the vehicles powered by the internal combustion engines, used by the road transport in Poland. Segmentation of cars into categories and types has been discussed, as well as principles of evaluating activity and emission indicators. Annual values of the carbon dioxide emission has been presented, from the entire road transport and selected categories and types of vehicles for the 1970 - 2008 period, estimated based on the methodology shown.

11

Kontrola emisji zanieczyszczeń motoryzacyjnych

Żółtowski A., Taubert S., Radzimirski S.

Transport Samochodowy

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2007

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z. 3

33--57

PL

W artykule omówiono przepisy dotyczące emisji zanieczyszczeń z poszczególnych kategorii pojazdów drogowych oraz niedrogowych maszyn ruchomych w Polsce i Unii Europejskiej. Na tym tle przedstawiono rozwój możliwości badań ww. pojazdów i maszyn pod względem emisji zanieczyszczeń oraz cech „pokrewnych" w Centrum Ochrony Środowiska ITS. Omówiono istniejące wyposażenie do badań pojazdów kategorii homologacyjnych Ml, N1 i L pojazdów oraz silników kategorii M2, N3, N2, N3, T i niedrogowych maszyn ruchomych.

EN

The article discusses regulations on the pollutants emission from individual categories of road vehicles and nonroad movable machines in Poland and in European Union. Development of the possibilities to test afforementioned vehicles and machines in the ITS Environment Protection Centre with this in mind has been presented . An existing equipment to examine vehicles of M1, N1 and L type approval categories, and engines of the M2 N3, N2, N3, the T categories together with nonroad movable machines was discussed.

12

Estimation problems of pollutants emission from the vehicles exhaust system in the real road traffic conditions

Majerczyk A., Taubert S.

Journal of KONES

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2007

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Vol. 14, No. 4

247-256

EN

ITS's Environment Protection Centre has for many years been involved in estimating pollutants emission on Poland's territory and preparing official state data. Completing this task required conducting in-depth analysis of the emission from the low emission vehicles, i.e. those which are equipped with at least one lambda probe and catalytic converter. The vehicles are type approved as EURO 2, EURO 3 and EURO 4 vehicles. Emission testing in the vehicle type approval process is conducted according to strictly defined test procedures, requiring simulation of standard driving cycles on the chassis dynamometer in precisely defined conditions. At the same time it is possible to observe drastically worse emission characteristics, outside the engine type approval operating regime, in the case of some vehicles. This generates a question about the co-relation between the tests results, which are used to admit the vehicle to the market and emission in real traffic conditions, thus also the effectiveness of pro-ecological activities. The proposed method was developed following the analysis of momentary emissions from the exhaust system, during vehicle running on the chassis dynamometer. The measurement of momentary emissions after warming up the roadworthy vehicle to the normal operating temperature in the constant velocity conditions is on the border of detection by the measuring method and often only carbon dioxide concentration in the sample is a proof of the fact that it is not an air sample being analysed. With this in mind, the significantly increased emission stands out, being the result of engine warming up, gear shifting or engine loading up after engine braking thus changes in the engine loads. The result of this work is an implementation and development of methodology to establish vehicles emission characteristics and constantly growing emissions data base.

PL

Centrum Ochrony Środowiska ITS zajmuje się od szeregu lat szacowaniem emisji na terenie Polski i opracowywaniem oficjalnych danych państwowych. W celu realizacji tego zadania niezbędne było dokonanie głębokiej analizy zjawiska emisji z pojazdów niskoemisyjnych, za które uważa się pojazdy wyposażone w co najmniej jedną sondę lambda oraz reaktor katalityczny. Pojazdy te są homologowane jako pojazdy EURO 2, EURO 3 oraz EURO 4. Kontrola emisji w procesie homologacji pojazdu jest prowadzona w oparciu o ściśle zdefiniowane procedury badawcze wymagające odtworzenia znormalizowanych cykli jezdnych na hamowni podwoziowej w ściśle określonych warunkach. Zarazem obserwuje się w niektórych pojazdach rażąco gorsze własności emisyjne poza polem pracy silnika, objętym badaniami homologacyjnymi. Rodzi to pytanie o korelację wyników pomiarów służących do dopuszczenia pojazdu do sprzedaży z emisją w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu drogowego a zatem i skuteczność działań proekologicznych. Proponowana metoda powstała po analizie emisji chwilowych badanych gazów z układu wydechowego w trakcie jazdy pojazdu po rolce hamowni podwoziowej. Pomiar emisji chwilowych po nagrzaniu sprawnego pojazdu do temperatury pracy w warunkach prędkości stałej sprawnego pojazdu jest na granicy wykrywalności metody pomiarowej i nieraz jedynie stężenie dwutlenku węgla w próbce jest dowodem na to, że analizie nie jest poddawana próbka powietrza. Na tym tle zwraca uwagę znacząco wyższa emisja, będąca efektem nagrzewania silnika bądź zmiany biegu w pojeździe, obciążenia silnika po hamowaniu silnikiem, a zatem ze zmianami obciążenia silnika. Wynikiem prac jest wdrożenie i rozwój metodyki wyznaczania charakterystyk emisyjnych pojazdów oraz wciąż poszerzana baza danych o emisji.