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Plany Kolegiów Jezuickich z teki Zawadzkiego

Paszenda J.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2005

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T. 50, z. 3-4

163-173

EN

Jesuits have built many churches and colleges in Poland. The more important, larger and better kept are more known. Many other remain unnoticed. Many of them do not exist anymore. Their old plans could help with familiarisation. Unfortunately, there are very few of these from Jesuits times. Although the construction designs were made, when the churches were built the plans became worn out during the construction. Those that survived are mainly the rejected ones, as they were immediately archived. Existing buildings were measured and drawn only in exceptional cases. The plans of the existing building in Cracow, along with the initiated church, were taken to Rome by the retiring superior Garcias Alabiano in 1599, probably to demonstrate his achievements to his superiors. In Lublin, Giacomo Briano drew the design of the college, and separately of the already built church and neighbouring old buildings. No building measurements or even descriptions were made during the annual provincial visitation. The first indexing drawings were generated only after the order's abolition. Supervisors in Vilnius ordered the cleric Michał Sienicki to prepare a plan of the entire Academy. It is not known whether the same occurred in other cities. Mathematics teachers prepared measurement plans within exercises with their pupils. We also know about plans generated in Kovno and Słuck. Several sources confirm that visitators ordered the preparation of the college plans and for them to be sent to Szkoła Główna [Main School] or to KEN [National Education Commission] (Żytomierz, Winnica, Kowno, Kroże, Nieśwież, Pińsk). However, these have not so far been found. Hence plans were made when changing users and adapting for new purposes. In this situation, the plans ordered by KEN and generated by Zawadzki are of great value. Unfortunately, these drawings were lost during the war. Some of them survived in the form of amateur photographs, currently stored in the Jesuit's archive in Cracow. The first information about these drawings was provided by Franciszek Maksymilian Sobieszczański in 1849. In 1928, Zygmunt Batowski, Warsaw University professor and head of the University Library , when describing the graphic collection, quoted the complete title of the Zawadzki File, however he did not provide any more details. For the third time, Witold Kieszkowski rewrote this title in 1936, but he omitted the list of drawings. Twenty years later, Irena Malinowska issued a monograph of the architect Zawadzki where she again mentioned the Zawadzki File: "In 1773, the Commission of National Education assumed possession of some of the buildings after the abolition of the Jesuits order. It appointed Zawadzki as the commission's architect, entrusting him with indexing of the buildings and developing designs to adapt them for educational purposes. Zawadzki finished this laborious task before 1780". As can be seen, the date when the plans were made is not given. The file "was already incomplete during the architect's life, and was lost during the last war". Stanisława Sawicka clarified that "all these collections were lost in a fire in October 1944 when the Germans set fire to the building after completion of all military actions". It is still a mystery what these drawings, lost before 1788, presented. They were approximately 45 of them. Maybe they included measurements of Lublin and Toruń? All plans were lost in 1944. Only those which were photographed and published before the war survived. These pictures, despite their defects, are valuable as they saved one third of the entire collection. All the surviving plans from the Zawadzki File are enclosed here.

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Zabudowania jezuickie w Połocku

Paszenda J.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2002

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T. 47, z. 4

325-341

EN

The Jesuit College in Połock (Polotsk) survived the longest among all the Jesuit institutions in the Kingdom of Poland and the grand Duchy of Lithuania - from 1580 to 1820, i.e. for 240 years. The College was founded by King Stefan Batory, who chose a site between the castle and the town. For 150 years the Jesuits erected wooden buildings, which frequently were destroyed by fire. A wooden church was built nine times on the same spot. The tenth was finally constructed out of brick, but it was located further away from the castle and its main facade was facing the market square, i.e. to the east (with the towers facing the west). The construction was initiated in 1733, and the church was consecrated in 1745. In 1750 a fire ravaged the roofs and towers reconstruction entailed considerable changes, and in 1751 the dome got a new shape, probably in order to divide it into parts (a similar elbow-shaped devise was applied two years later in the church of St. Kazimierz in Wilno). In 1753 the wooden roof rafters were replaced by brick arches, identical to the ones built in Wilno in 1750. In 1754 the towers were supplemented with two added brick floors instead of wooden helmets. The main altar was erected in 1762, to be followed by brick side altars covered with white stucco. Windows in hight the presbytery and the main nave were "doubled" to provide better illumination of the altars. In order to carry out this innovation it was necessary to break the main cornice in the church interior. Organs and a pulpit (nonextant) were added in 1765. In 1830 the building was adapted for the purposes of a Russian Orthodox church. Consequently, part of the outfitting was removed: the organs were transferred to Wilno (1837 or 1838) and installed in the university church of St. John. Paintings, vestments and silver were sent to Warsaw (1848), and divided between assorted churches in the Kingdom of Poland. A comparison of iconographic and written sources makes it possible to perceive certain changes in architecture, unrecorded in history. The originally Baroque church was redesigned in the classical style. Distinctly classical features are displayed on the pulpit seen in a photograph of the interior, and concurring with a description in the inventory from 1820. The roofs were lowered and the facade niches were bricked up probably after 1815, since their history has not been recorded. The length of the church totals 57 m, and the width - 27. The main nave is 10,2 m wide (as in Nieśwież) and 24,2 m high (similarly as in Wilno). The brick College was built in 1748-1760 on a plan of the letter E; it is about 100 m long and 65 m wide, and equals the size of the Poznań College. In 1787 the school, built in 1747-1749, was linked with a new building known as the "Museum", which housed chemistry, experimental physics, natural science, mechanic, astronomy, and architecture rooms as well as a painting gallery. After the Jesuits were expelled from Russian Empire (1820) the college was handed over to the Piarists, who already in 1839 made way for a cadet corps. The church, was seriously damaged during the second world war and finally pulled down in 1964. Housing estate was built in its place in 1978. Only preserved part of the College is presently being in use as a military hospital.

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Dzieje budowy kościoła i Kolegium Jezuitów w Łucku według źródeł jezuickich

Paszenda J.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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2000

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T. 45, z. 1

34-44

4

Dawne zabudowania jezuickie w Pułtusku

Paszenda J.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

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1998

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T. 43, z. 4

217-230

EN

Jesuits were brought to Putusk by Andrzej Noskowski, Bishop of Pock, at the end of 1565. In a document signed on 1 January 1566, the Bishop granted the order two brick buildings: a school erected in 1555 and a college raised in 1560. He also began building a second (wooden) school on adjoining lots, purchased from the burghers, and in 1567 -a church, completed in 1583-1585. The shape of those buildings, located between the town wall and a street some 25 meters away, is know from a description contained in a letter by rector S. Rozdražewski (26 September 1568), a plan executed by Stanisaw Zawadzki, architect of the Commission of National Education (1779), and archeological research conducted in 1978-1982. The college comprised a quadrilateral with an inner courtyard and a wooden porch instead of corridors. Originally, it was composed only of a ground floor and first floor; a second storey was added in 1583. The single-nave church, whose western wall touched the town wall, had four arches on the outside and inside of the oblong walls, and was covered with a flat wooden vault. Soon the buildings proved to be too cramped, but the Jesuits did not expand them in the hope of erecting new ones nearby. With this purpose in mind, they bought the lots of houses burnt down in the great town fire of 1645. Owing to wartime hostilities, work on the church was not initiated until 1688. The building was consecrated in 1718, and completed in 1764. The erection of a new college was not commenced before the cassation of the order in 1773, when the Jesuit buildings were taken over by the Commision of National Education. In 1781, they were entrusted to the Benedictine monks, who in 1803-1825, in the wake of the fire of 1798, built a new college in accordance with a project sent from Berlin by the Prussian constructor Adler. Due to fact that the Jesuits did not have an architect of their own the author of the first church was probably Giovanni Baptista of Venice, an architect in the service of the bishop. The desinger of the second church remains unknown.