The paper presents the simple technique of speaker gender recognition that uses MFCC features typically applied in automatic speech recognition. Artificial neural network is used as a classifier. The speech signal is first divided into 20 ms frames. For each frame, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients are extracted and the created feature vector is provided into a neural network classifier, which individually classifies each frame as male or female sample. Finally, the whole utterance is classified by selecting the class, for which the sum of corresponding neural network outputs is greater. The advantage of the method is that it can be easily combined with speech recognition, because both processes (gender recognition and speech recognition) are based on the same features. This way, no additional logic and no extra computational power is needed to extract features necessary for gender recognition. The method was experimentally evaluated using speech samples in English and in Polish. The comparison with other methods described in literature based on other feature extraction methods shows the superiority of the proposed approach, especially in cases where the recognition is carried out in noisy environment or using poor audio equipment.
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This article describes the establishment of an alpine gravimetric calibration baseline in Poland's Tatra Mountains and the development of a methodology for performing static gravimeter calibration on that baseline. This baseline was established in response to the recent rise in geodynamic research in mountainous areas and the related need to calibrate the gravimetric scale used in such gravimeter research to a high degree of accuracy. The fact that the environmental conditions of such an alpine gravimetric calibration baseline differ considerably from those observed in flat terrains made it necessary to study the impact which rapid changes in atmospheric pressure and environmental temperature may exert on the performance of gravimeters used in such survey. It was also important to study how the method by which the instruments were transported (by automobile, cable car, or on foot) affected their performance. The project led to the establishment of an alpine gravimetric calibration baseline and yielded a set of recommendations for how to proceed with scaling the gravimeters at such a baseline.
PL
Przedstawione prace związane są z założeniem górskiej grawimetrycznej bazy kalibracyjnej w Tatrach oraz opracowaniem metodyki przeprowadzania na niej kalibracji grawimetrów statycznych. Założenie takiej bazy wynika z nasilenia w ostatnich czasach badań geodynamicznych w górach i związaną z tym potrzebą ujednolicenia na wysokim poziomie dokładności skali grawimetrycznej, używanych do tych badań grawimetrów. Z uwagi na znaczące różnice warunków środowiskowych na bazie górskiej w porównaniu z tymi, jakie obserwuje się na bazach zakładanych w terenach płaskich, niezbędne było przeprowadzenie badań wpływu szybkich zmian ciśnienia atmosferycznego i temperatury otoczenia na pracę grawimetrów, które są używane w pracach pomiarowych. Niemniej ważne było zbadanie wpływu wykorzystywanego środka transportu (samochód, kolej linowa, ręczny transport instrumentów) na pracę instrumentów rodzaju. W wyniku przeprowadzonych prac utworzona została górska grawimetryczna baza kalibracyjna oraz podano zalecenia jak należy postępować przy skalowaniu grawimetrów na tej bazie.
Acetylene derivatives 4 were synthesized from the corresponding vicinal bromo compounds 2 in the phase-transfer catalyzed hydrogen bromide - beta elimination reaction using solid potassium hydroxide as a base, xylene as a solvent, and a phase-transfer catalyst. The yields of the synthesized acetylene derivatives 4 were substantially improved when water formed in the process had been removed.
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W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac związanych z transformacją współrzędnych geodezyjnych z układu "Borowa Góra" na układ współrzędnych "1942". Zbadano cztery warianty rozwiązania zagadnienia z uwzględnieniem dwóch poziomów dokładności. Wykonano transformację współrzędnych Płaskich X i Y metodą Ryšavego oraz współrzędnych sferycznych B i L metodą Buršy-Wolfa, które są metodami ścisłymi. Zaprezentowano również możliwość dokonania transformacji współrzędnych metodami przybliżonymi: metodą średnich wartości \deltaX i \deltaY dla arkuszy map w skali 1: 1 00 000 oraz metodą strefową. W wyniku przeprowadzonych na wybranym materiale mapowym testów opracowano algorytm i program obliczeniowy, który posłużył do przeliczenia, z dokładnością [...]4.5 m, współrzędnych punktów z układu "Borowa Góra" na układ "1942". Dokonano również porównania, w formie graficznej, wyników uzyskanych przy użyciu ścisłych i przybliżonych metod transformacji.
EN
Studies on transformation of "Borowa Gora" to "1942" coordinate system were undertaken in order to express geological gravimetric data in uniform, presently obligatory coordinate system and in homogeneous gravimetric system. Four variants of solution of this problem were studied, considering two levels of accuracy. First level consists oftwo precise transformation methods: - Ryšavy method, which ensure accuracy of re-calculation of [...] 0.50 m; - Buršy-Wolf method, ensuring accuracy of re-calculation of [...] 0.7 m. Second level comprises approximate methods: - method of mean values, ensuring accuracy of transformation of [...]4.5 m; - zonal method, which ensures accuracy from [...] 5 m to [...] 8 m. It was found in the course of the tests, conducted on the selected maps, that method of mean values, ensuring accuracy of trąnsformation of [...] 4.5 m is the most useful for geological-geophysical documentation. Method of mean values, for which special algorithm and calculation program was prepared at the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, was applied for transformation from "Borowa Gora" to "1942" coordinate system of about million gravimetric points stored at the geological database.
Analizę oparto na wynikach przeprowadzonych czterech testów: testu na materiale katalogowym, testu na materiale mapowym, testu terenowego oraz testu poprawności odwzorowania profili punktów geologicznych. Celem analizy było określenie faktycznej dokładności określenia współrzędnych dowolnego punktu zawartego w bazie danych grawimetrycznych po jego transformacji z układu "Borowa Góra" na układ "1942". Opisano przeprowadzone testy, a wyniki ich wraz z oceną dokładności przedstawiono w postaci tabelaryczno-graficznej.
EN
Special algorithm and caIculation program prepared at the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, called BG/42, enabled transformation of coordinates of about million gravimetric points stored at the geological database from "Borowa Gora" to "1942" coordinate system. Formal error of recaIculating with the use of this program is [...]4.5 m. However, real accuracy of point location after transformation is influenced by accuracy of determination of points stored at the gravimetric database. In order to asses real accuracy of transformation of coordinates with the use of the method prepared at IGiK, the following tests were carried out: - on the catalogue data - on the map data - field test of correctness of point location on geological profiles. It results from the conducted tests, that coordinates of points, stored at the geological database in "Borowa Gora" coordinate system are affected with large errors, consisting of errors of mapping based of terrain details and of errors of reading point coordinates from maps. Total error due to these reasons is [...]104 m, while error of transformation method itself of [...]4.5 m is not large, which was documented by field test on geodetic points. Hence real precision of determination of location of gravimetric point stored at the geological database after its transformation from "Borowa Gora" to "1942" coordinate system can re ach [...]105 m. However, for majority of points located on map sheets around central meridians 15o and 21o value of this error does not exceed 100 m, which was confirmed by results of field test.
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Przedstawiono opis osnowy oraz szczegóły dotyczące prac pomiarowych na punktach osnowy, które były wykonane w latach 1994-1997.
EN
Basic gravimetric network of Poland was established in sixties, so now it does not fulfil the modern needs of geodesy, especially considering more common recent use of satellite measuring techniques. In 1977 the general project of modernisation of the network was prepared in the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography and approved by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. All new points of the modernised gravimetric network were stabilised by concrete poles between 1978 and 1987, but the measurements were possible only in 1992, when the newest La Coste & Romberg gravimeters were purchased by the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography. Project of gravimetric network, verified by experts from the Geodesy Committee, Polish Academy of Sciences, was approved again by the Department of Surveyor General of Poland in 1993. New gravimetric network comprises fundamental point, located in the Observatory of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography in Borowa Gora, which was already used several times to measure absolute acceleration of gravity, 16 absolute points (9 of which were already measured), 351 stabilised terrain points and two meridian’s calibration base lines, based on 6 absolute points. The Institute of Geodesy and Cartography started to measure the new network in 1994 and the measuring works were completed finally in 1997. Values of differences in acceleration of gravity Ag were calculated using scales of gravimeters determined on the basis of national gravimetric network, and next were re-calculated in 1997 to the system defined by absolute points. The whole network consists of 674 spans, where 722 measurements of differences in acceleration of gravity [delta]g were performed. It must be emphasised, that 62% of errors of Ag values measured on network spans does not exceed 0.010 mGal, while criterion of correctness is 0.020 mGal.
Punkty podstawowej osnowy grawimetrycznej kraju, założone w łatach 60. nie były stabilizowane trwałymi znakami. Tylko 18 punktów 1 klasy miało trwałą stabilizacją. Zachowane punkty osnowy zostały, w sensie fizycznym, włączone do nowej osnowy, co pozwoliło na dokonanie ograniczonej z konieczności analizy porównawczej obydwu osnów.
EN
Basic gravimetric framework of Poland, established in fifties and sixties, consisted of points of first and second order. 18 points of first order were stabilised, while the remaining points were not stabilised. The network measured at the beginning of sixties was adjusted in 1964 to three international points: Warszawa, Poczdam and Praga. In 1971 new obligatory system for all gravimetric works, called System 1971, was accepted. Consequently, the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography started to recalculate the existing gravimetric network to this system. The existing network was adjusted to 5 international points: Gdansk, Warszawa, Krakow, Poczdam, Praga and to 10 points of gravimetric base. Old points o f gravimetric network, having permanent stabilisation, were included into new framework. In consequence, it resulted in limited comparative analysis of both networks.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki prac geodezyjno-grawimetrycznych mających na celu powiązanie fundamentalnego punktu absolutnego podstawowej osnowy grawimetrycznej kraju z 8 punktami grawimetrycznymi znajdującymi się na terenie Obserwatorium w Borowej Górze. W przyszłości punkty te będą służyły do wykonywania na nich jednoczesnych porównawczych wyznaczeń absolutnych kilkoma grawimetrami balistycznymi. Wyznaczenia takie mają na celu stałą kontrolę standardów grawimetrów balistycznych stanowiących wzorzec dla systemu IGSN 71.
EN
Fundamental point o f basic gravimetric control network in Poland is located at the Observatory in Borowa Góra. Within last twenty years this point was used several times for determining absolute acceleration o f gravity, utilising various ballistic instruments. Besides fundamental point there are eight gravimetric points with permanent stabilisation within the area o f the Observatory; they can be also used for making absolute measurements. Such an arrangement o f gravimetric points within the Observatory allows for simultaneous, comparative absolute determinations, using several ballistic gravimeters. These determinations are part o f the activity o f the MAG Gravimetric Commission; they serve for permanent check o f gravimetric standards at the IGSN 71 system. In order to perform such works at the Observatory in Borowa Gora, it was necessary to make relative gravimetric measurements between gravimetric points and to determine their heights above sea level, a well as X, Y plane coordinates. Results o f the measurements will be used for making reductions to the absolute determinations, conducted simultaneously with several ballistic gravimeters, so they could be comparable.
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