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Interwencja humanitarna jako mechanizm reagowania Unii Afrykańskiej na zagrożenie pokoju i bezpieczeństwa

Wysota B.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2014

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Nr 1

94--108

PL

Zagrożenia i wyzwania dla pokoju i bezpieczeństwa w Afryce odegrały w ostatnich dwóch dekadach decydującą rolę w kształtowaniu regionalnych elementów współpracy na rzecz zapewnienia stabilności w Afryce. Wysiłek państw kontynentu włożony w poszukiwanie i stworzenie mechanizmów działań na rzecz stabilizacji zaowocował przebudową ram współpracy regionalnej, czego konsekwencją było utworzenie Unii Afrykańskiej (UA), która wyposażona została w elementy reagowania - także z użyciem siły - w sytuacji, gdy na masową skalę łamane są elementarne prawa człowieka, które to wydarzenia afrykańska wspólnota uznaje za zagrożenie pokoju i bezpieczeństwa.

EN

In the last decade challenges and threats to peace and security in Africa have played a crucial role in shaping the regional cooperation mechanisms created to ensure stability on the continent. Along with the establishment of the African Union (AU), an institutional framework for cooperation in the field of emergency response capabilities were re-developed. The result of that work was equipping the African Union with new response mechanisms to the destabilization of the situation. An important role in crisis response is played by humanitarian interventions. In this article the author discusses the possibility of the African Union’s humanitarian interventions to protect basic human rights. War crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity are recognised by African leaders as threats to peace and security.

2

Misja Unii Europejskiej : EUFOR Tchad/RCA w Republice Czadu i Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej

Wysota B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 2(71)

302-322

EN

In January 2008 the European Union launched a peace operation - EUFOR Tchad/RCA in the Republic of Chad and Central African Republic. Acting in accordance with the mandate set out in United Nations Security Council and the EU Council’s decision, the European Forces started their one-year long mission. The EUFOR was tasked to protect and assist all aspects of presence of the African Union’s and nited Nations’ forces which provide humanitarian assistance to thousands of Sudanese refugees from neigh bouring Darfur. The article as the result of operational capabilities research of conducting independent military and policing operations within the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is an analysis of EU actions in the Republic of Chad and Central African Republic. The aim of the article is to present legal basis to deploy the armed forces of EU countries in the Republic of Chad and Central African Republic, the Polish Armed Forces including, to analyse tasks imposed on the European military contingent, to present a current political situation in Chad which implies the EUFOR Tchad/RCA mission, to sum up the present state of the mission engagement in the theatre of operations. The author also wanted to draw conclusions from the first months of the mission in the context of challenges that the EU forces have to face on location (instable internal situation of the countries, lack of local administration infrastructure, transport and logistic challenges, specific climate conditions, lack of electricity or running water). The most important conclusions refer to defining the effectiveness sources and the effectiveness of the EU operations of this type in the future (capability of long distance airlift of forces, effective system of mission support, coalition forces’ interoperability, fast decision making process and information advantage).

3

Nowa jakość konfliktów zbrojnych przełomu XX i XXI wieku

Wysota B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

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nr 4(61)

63-85

EN

The end of the cold-war rivalry brought to the world on the one hand the end of many years'- animosities and conflicts, on the other hand, new challenges which began to come to light in the form of economic and social threats, weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, organized crime and international - but first of all, internal conflicts. The argument, that wars in the 21st century will be present, has just been proved. But the most important questions are what kind of wars will be waged, what will be their range, the character or actors. In spite of the fact that using force in international relations has become completely forbidden, and war declared illegal, which was confirmed in the United Nations Chart, in many bilateral agreements, multilateral treaties and different kinds of international declarations, these agreements expressions do not reflect the practice of present international relations. The assumption by states of liabilities for not using force has only limited the possibilities of using force. There are states which not only unceasingly present their readiness to use weapons, but also decide to use weapons. As the law scholars rightly notice, more and more often this has an internal character. Nowadays war has stopped being the reserved domain for world-powers. It is not waged between states, which does not obviously mean that such wars are not present, but it descended on a local level, and most often it is conducted today inside states. Most of today's wars are civil wars, where on the one hand, there fight armies subordinate to the government, and on the other hand, fight rebel forces. Today the main points of those wars are in particular: different size, sources and their mutual connections, they are easily transformed into an armed conflict and have a complicated arrangement of fighting powers. There appear difficulties in the identification of belligerents or their political aims, in addition, they are accompanied by the collapse of state institutions, and especially law enforcement bodies. The catalogue of reasons of present wars and conflicts is wide. And each reason becomes today a potential threat for the world peace. Acknowledging the listing made in the Institute of Research of International Conflicts in Heidelberg (Germany), there are about 230 of these threats of a different intensity degree. To most important from them include for example activities that tend to separate a part of the state territory and create an independent existence. Fighting nations refer to the realization of the right to the self-determination, what e.g. in the situation of Kashmir or the Basques State is today unattainable; the territorial claims have not become silent since the end of the Second World War. Only in Asia they are the basis of serious international crises; in the last decade there can be noticed the explosion of many conflicts that are caused by the combination of national and religious factors, or negative ethnic stereotypes. The objects of conflicts are also natural resources - to begin with these elementary ones, as water or soil, through those bringing a measurable, material income, as for example mineral resources. Recently because of North Korea, due to its possibilities of the irresponsible use of the weapons of mass destruction, the threat to the world peace has increased. For the last two decades, belligerents have not been observing universally recognized norms of the war law. In addition, at the same time the humanitarian situation in conflict areas has deteriorated. It especially refers to civilian population who more and more often becomes the only aim and victim of armed activities undertaken by armies or paramilitary groups. As the example of former Yugoslavia shows the international community more and more often will have to prevent these tragedies. Wars and armed conflicts have always existed and will be an inseparable element of international relations in the future. Their background, the area of appearance and the power of influence will be different.