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Oceanographic observations in the Nordic Sea and Fram Strait in 2016 under the IO PAN long-term monitoring program AREX

Walczowski W., Beszczyńska-Möller A., Wieczorek P., Merchel M., Grynczel A.

Oceanologia

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2017

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No. 59 (2)

187--194

EN

Since 1987 annual summer cruises to the Nordic Seas and Fram Strait have been conducted by the IO PAN research vessel Oceania under the long-term monitoring program AREX. Here we present a short description of measurements and preliminary results obtained during the open ocean part of the AREX 2016 cruise. Spatial distributions of Atlantic water temperature and salinity in 2016 are similar to their long-term mean fields except for warmer recirculation of Atlantic water in the northern Fram Strait. The longest observation record from the section N along 76°30′N reveals a steady increase of Atlantic water salinity, while temperature trend depends strongly on parametrization used to define the Atlantic water layer. However spatially averaged temperature at different depths indicate an increase of Atlantic water temperature in the whole layer from the surface down to 1000 m.

2

Inflow waters in the deep regions of the southern Baltic Sea - transport and transformations (corrected version)

Piechura J., Beszczyńska-Möller A.

Oceanologia

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2004

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No. 46 (1)

113-141

EN

A medium-sized inflow (about 200 km3 according to IOW data, - personal communication) of saline water into the southern Baltic Sea occurred during January 2003. Unlike any previously observed inflow, this one brought very cold water, of temperatures around 1-2oC and less. Since the temperature of the deep water in the southern Baltic before the inflow was exceptionally high (11-12oC), the inflowing waters produced dramatic changes and a steep temperature gradient. The movement of the inflowing waters through the deep basins and channels of the Baltic Sea from the Arkona Basin to the Gdańsk Deep during next 4-8 months is described. Frequent mesoscale structures and intensive mixing followed the eastward transport of the inflow water, particularly in the Bornholm Deep and Słupsk Furrow. The present paper is based on data collected during 6 cruises r/v "Oceania" between December 2002 and August 2003. The last cruise in August took place in order to assess the long-term consequences of the inflow.

3

Inflow waters in the deep regions of the southern Baltic Sea - transport and transformations

Piechura J., Beszczyńska-Möller A.

Oceanologia

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2003

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No. 45 (4)

593-621

EN

A medium-sized inflow (about 200 km3 according to IOW data, - personal communication) of saline water into the southern Baltic Sea occurred during January 2003. Unlike any previously observed inflow, this one brought very cold water, of temperatures around 1-2°C and less. Since the temperature of the deep water in the southern Baltic before the inflow was exceptionally high (11-12°C), the inflowing waters produced dramatic changes and a steep temperature gradient. The movement of the inflowing waters through the deep basins and channels of the Baltic Sea from the Arkona Basin to the Gdansk Deep during next 4-8 months is described. Frequent mesoscale structures and intensive mixing followed the eastward transport of the inflow water, particularly in the Bornholm Deep and Słupsk Furrow. The present paper is based on data collected during of 6 cruises r/v "Oceania" between December 2002 and August 2003. The last cruise in August took place in order to assess the long-term consequences of the inflow.

4

ADCP-referenced geostrophic velocity and transport in the West Spitsbergen Current

Osiński R., Wieczorek P., Beszczyńska-Möller A., Goszczko I.

Oceanologia

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2003

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No. 45 (3)

425-435

EN

During the summer of 2000 and 2002 (June-July) the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) was investigated by the Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences. CTD and current measurements by a vessel-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) were performed along three transects perpendicular to the WSC main stream and covering the region from 76°30' N to 78°20' N and from 02°30' E to 15° E. In general, the geostrophic, baroclinic flow patterns and the ADCP-measured currents were found to be in good agreement but measured current velocities were significantly higher than calculated values. This fact supports earlier observations that the barotropic component is dominant in the WSC. Since ADCP has a better spatial resolution than CTD records, the West Spitsbergen Current could be investigated and described in much greater detail than before. The main stream of Atlantic Water is topographically steered by the continental slope (isobars 800-2000 m) and the complex, multistream structure of the West Spitsbergen Current is clearly visible. The absolutely referenced total geostrophic transport is about three times higher than the estimated value assuming the level of no motion lies at 1000 m.

5

Transport of the Odra river waters and circulation patterns in the Pomeranian Bay

Beszczyńska-Möller A.

Oceanologia

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1999

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No. 41 (3)

279-308

EN

During several cruises of r/v 'Oceania' in different seasons of 1993-1997 detailed investigations of the Pomeranian Bay were carried out with particular attention to the vicinity of the Odra river mouth. On the basis of CTD soundings as well as quasi-continuous profiling by means of a towed CTD probe, the thermohaline fields were analysed in order to determine the pattern of riverine water transport. The characteristic flow paths under different meteorological conditions were identified, Ekman transport of freshened waters being found to prevail along the coasts of the Pomeranian Bay. Physical phenomena such as the pulsating outflow of the river Odra and the formation of isolated plumes of freshened water were observed. The vertical and horizontal extents as well as the lifetime and speed of movement of the plume-like structures were estimated. A typical plume was a few km in diameter and there were steep horizontal and vertical salinity gradients at the boundaries. As the plume moved away from the mouth, it was transformed and finally vanished. There was strong wind mixing and entrainment into underlying, more saline water at some distance from the channel mouth. Hydrological fronts between riverine and ambient waters frequently formed. Numerous intrusions were found in the temperature and salinity profiles in the frontal zones. The freshwater fraction in the entire volume of the bay waters was estimated for different hydrological situations, the highest values being obtained for the period following the flood event of summer 1997. Under favourable wind conditions, dense, saline waters flowing in from the Arkona and Bornholm Deeps were present in the near-bottom layer at the edges of the bay. Anomalously, waters of higher salinity were found in the Pomeranian Bay in November 1997 as a result of a minor inflow from the Danish Straits.

6

Some results of research on internal waves in the Stolpe Sill area

Golenko N. N., Beszczyńska-Möller A., Piechura J., Walczowski W.

Oceanologia

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1999

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No. 41 (4)

537-551

EN

Current, temperature and salinity data obtained on the western slope of the Stolpe Sill in October 1998 were analysed to identify the processes responsible for the transport of dense, near-bottom water from the Bornholm Deep into the Stolpe Channel. Westward transport in the deep layer was opposed to the wind direction. The longitudinal current component was considerably smaller than the latitudinal one. Long waves (with periods T > 10 h) and short-period oscillations (T < 2 h) were recorded in the form of wave trains. The rotary-component spectral method revealed a dominant internal wave with a period close to the local inertial period (T = 14.6 h). High-frequency current fluctuations (time scales 2-30 min) were regarded as a quasi-horizontal turbulence caused by interaction between the long waves and the complicated bottom topography.