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1

Concept and prototype of the safety system for pedestrians and cyclists in the immediate vicinity of larger vehicles

Simiński Dawid, Burdzik Rafał, Rozmus Jacek, Nowak Bogusław, Misterek Damian

Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport

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2024

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Vol. 6, No. 2

45--59

EN

The article presents selected methods and technical solutions currently used to warn and inform road users about the possibility of a pedestrian-driver collision situation. The solutions available on the market do not provide solutions for the transmission of two-way information in the pedestrian-driver relationship for systems built on large-size vehicles. Possible detection devices are presented along with their evaluation, and additionally the research process confirming the validity of the adopted approach in relation to the created system is presented. A prototype of the System supporting the safety of vulnerable road users in the vicinity of large-size vehicles was also presented, meeting the assumptions regarding informing both drivers approaching large-size vehicles located in bus bays, sensitive places where pedestrians and cyclists are hit. The presented system stands out from among the generally available systems for increasing the safety of pedestrians and cyclists. The biggest innovation of the system is the introduction of the possibility of communication between users around large-size vehicles, the ability to transmit information to the outside to both drivers and pedestrians without having to engage the attention of the driver of the vehicle on which the system is built, which can significantly increase the chances that at the time of a potential dangerous situation, one of the parties will react correctly and thus no accident will occur. The article describes publicly available solutions as well as an innovative safety system for pedestrians and cyclists around large-size vehicles.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane metody i rozwiązania techniczne obecnie stosowane w celu ostrzegania, informowania użytkowników dróg o możliwości wystąpienia sytuacji kolizyjnej pieszy-kierowca. Rozwiązania dostępne na rynku nie przewidują rozwiązań przekazywania informacji dwukierunkowej w relacji pieszy-kierowca dla systemów zabudowanych na pojazdach wielkogabarytowych. Przedstawiono możliwe do wykorzystania urządzenia detekcyjne wraz z ich oceną, dodatkowo przedstawiono proces badawczy potwierdzający zasadność przyjętego podejścia w stosunku do tworzonego systemu. Przedstawiono również prototyp systemu wspierającego bezpieczeństwo niechronionych uczestników ruchu znajdujących się w okolicy pojazdów wielkogabarytowych, spełniających założenia dotyczące informowania zarówno kierowców zbliżających się do pojazdów wielkogabarytowych znajdujących się w zatokach autobusowych, czyli miejscach newralgicznych, gdzie dochodzi do potrąceń pieszych i rowerzystów, jak również niechronionych uczestników ruchu drogowego, takich jak piesi. Prezentowany system odróżnia się na tle dostępnych systemów zwiększających bezpieczeństwo pieszych i rowerzystów. Największa innowacja systemu to wprowadzenie możliwości komunikacji pomiędzy użytkownikami znajdującymisięwokółpojazdówwielkogabarytowych,możliwość przekazania informacji na zewnątrz zarówno do kierowców jak i pieszych bez konieczności angażowania uwagi kierowcy pojazdu, na którym system jest zabudowany. Może to znacząco zwiększyć szanse, że w momencie wystąpienia potencjalnej sytuacji niebezpiecznej, któraś ze stron zareaguje w sposób prawidłowy i tym samym nie dojdzie do wypadku. Artykuł opisuje rozwiązania ogólnodostępne jak również innowacyjny system bezpieczeństwa dla pieszych i rowerzystów w otoczeniu pojazdów wielkogabarytowych.

2

Diagnostics of an innovative repair kit for transport equipment units

Kushaliev Dauren Kaysarovich, Zabieva Aliya Batyrbekovna, Balgynova Akzharkyn Merekeevna, Burdzik Rafał, Alipbaev Zhasulan Ratkanovich

Diagnostyka

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2024

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Vol. 25, No. 1

art. no. 2024106

EN

The article presents the transmission of a truck, whereinnovativerepairkits of the driveshaft crosspiece are used. The crosspiece is an element of the transmission, and transmits all the torque from the gearbox to the wheels of the car, therefore it is a heavily loaded part. A mathematical model has been developed that describes in detail the process of changing the size of a movable conical spring insert in a sliding bearing used in the mechanism of the cardan shaft crosspiece. The innovative repair kit is designed to improve performance by introducing an elastic intermediate element into the bearing. This element is a movable insert in the form of a helical or conical spring, and its compressible force is adjustable. This creates a tight seal on the working surfaces, preventing oxidative processes and activation of microplastic deformation of the surface.

3

Original DHI method for assessing epidemic hazards in transportation services

Burdzik Rafał

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 121

31--43

EN

In the situation of the global SARS-COV-2 coronavirus pandemic, epidemic threats are dominant and ubiquitous. The article attempted to estimate the hazards of virus transmission in various transport services. In the author's opinion, numerous and very serious problems in the transport sector and transport services are in this case the result of a lack of a methodical approach to the problem of epidemic threats, including infection in a global epidemic. The paper presents a proposal for an original DHI method for assessing epidemic hazards in transportation services, taking into account various hazards and routes of virus transmission (droplet and contact) based on dedicated scales of hazard evaluation and multi-criteria assessment. This methodology is named Deep Hazard Identification (DHI). The primary stage of the methodology is the identification and estimation of transmission mechanisms of pathogen that can occur in transport services. For this purpose 15 criteria and weighting factors were defined and used for a multi-criteria epidemic hazards assessment. It enables the determination of the matrix of hazard assessment separately for the passenger transport and freight transport groups, which allows for the comparison of the DHI hazard factor between different transport services.

4

Analyzing Safe Epidemic Distancing in Public Transport Buses: A Simulation Study on Passenger Flow

Chema Wongelawit, Burdzik Rafał, Celiński Ireneusz, Dębicka Ewa

Transport Samochodowy

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2023

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z. 2

3--7

EN

During the COVID-19 pandemic, public transport played a crucial role in maintaining essential services while ensuring the safety of both passengers and staff. As the world gradually resumes operations, the impact of the pandemic is expected to persist for some time. Existing studies focus on virus transmission in vehicles, with limited knowledge about post-pandemic passenger flow, safety, and satisfaction. This paper presents a model of passenger movement in public transport, considering factors like boarding times, movement within stops, and the impact of crowding and delays. To reduce transmission at bus stops, we developed a simulation-based passenger flow model using PTV Vissim. The program was used to simulate passenger exchange scenarios, using data collected from real data. The goal was to create a model that minimizes the risk of infection. By understanding passenger flow and interactions with the public transport system, effective measures can be implemented to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.

PL

Podczas pandemii COVID-19 transport publiczny odegrał kluczową rolę w utrzymaniu podstawowych usług, zapewniając jednocześnie bezpieczeństwo zarówno pasażerów, jak i personelu. W miarę jak świat stopniowo wznawia działalność, oczekuje się, że skutki pandemii utrzymają się przez jakiś czas. Istniejące badania koncentrują się na przenoszeniu wirusów w pojazdach, przy ograniczonej wiedzy na temat przepływu pasażerów, bezpieczeństwa i satysfakcji po pandemii. W artykule przedstawiono model poruszania się pasażerów w transporcie publicznym, biorąc pod uwagę takie czynniki, jak czas wejścia do pojazdu, ruch w obrębie przystanków oraz wpływ zatłoczenia i opóźnień. Aby ograniczyć przekazywanie zakażeń na przystankach autobusowych, opracowaliśmy model przepływu pasażerów oparty na symulacji przy użyciu PTV Vissim. W programie przeprowadzono symulację scenariuszy wymiany pasażerów, wykorzystując dane zebrane z danych rzeczywistych. Celem było stworzenie modelu, który minimalizuje ryzyko infekcji. Rozumiejąc przepływ pasażerów i interakcje z systemem transportu publicznego, można wdrożyć skuteczne środki ograniczające rozprzestrzenianie się Covid-19 i innych chorób zakaźnych.

5

Analysis of parameters affecting fuel consumption based on statistical modelling

Burdzik Rafał, Simiński Dawid

Transport Samochodowy

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2023

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z. 1

23--28

EN

Fluctuating fuel prices and the importance of road transport in the context of the environmental impact of transport make the research related to fuel consumption analyses still up‑ to‑ date and socially important. The article presents the methodology for determining the statistical model of fuel consumption based on the analysis of the significance of driving parameters. The fleet of trucks (sets of tractor truck and semi‑ trailer) was selected as the research object due to their dominant share in the road commercial transport sector in the transport of goods. In order to calculate determinants of fuel consumption, the classic method of least squares was used, as a result of which an optimal statistical model of fuel consumption was developed using the elimination method. The model developed was also verified based on the real data.

PL

Zmienne ceny paliw oraz znaczenie transportu drogowego w kontekście oddziaływania środowiskowego transportu powodują, że badania związane z analizami zużycia paliwa są ciągle aktualne i istotne społecznie. W artykule przedstawiono metodologię wyznaczania modelu statystycznego zużycia paliwa na podstawie analizy istotności parametrów jazdy. Jako obiekt badań wybrano flotę samochodów ciężarowych (zastawów ciągnik siodłowy i naczepa) z uwagi na ich dominujący udział w sektorze drogowego transportu zarobkowego w przewozie ładunków. W celu wyznaczenia determinant zużycia paliwa zastosowano klasyczną metodę najmniejszych kwadratów, w efekcie której opracowano, metodą eliminacji, optymalny model statystyczny zużycia paliwa. Przeprowadzono także weryfikację opracowanego modelu na podstawie danych rzeczywistych

6

Study on the estimation of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens’ transmission probabilities for different public bus transport service scenarios

Burdzik Rafał, Speybroeck Niko

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 3

199--211

EN

The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic revealed societal challenges, with passenger transport rapidly experiencing the impacts of the virus and the evolution of the concept of safety in transport. Evaluating the likelihood of viral transmission within transportation systems may be a substantial challenge, considering the complex processes that influence the incidence of random transmission events. This paper introduces a method for determining the probability of pathogen transmission in public transport, focusing on the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The study draws on scenarios from the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, a period that was devastatingly marked by the lack of available vaccines. This study aims to add value to the scientific community by offering an estimation of the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in public transport and a preliminary risk assessment for COVID-19 infection, considering the number of active, non-isolated COVID-19 cases in the Polish population. The potential of this approach was demonstrated through a comparison between two different categories of passenger transport in a city bus. Based on the presented case study and the calculated probability of pathogen transmission, it is estimated that the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland through the use of public transport was approximately 0.05%. Probability estimations based on elementary events, which can vary depending on the service category (for instance, the form of ticket purchase, availability of seating or standing places, or ticket inspection), can reveal even the smallest differences in the total likelihood of pathogen transmission. However, these minute individual variations significantly impact the total metrics calculated for daily users of public transport. For effective monitoring of potential epidemic threats and for designing suitable interventions and restrictions to lower the risk of future pandemics, it may be necessary to understand the role that transportation systems, particularly public transport systems, play in the spread of pathogens.

7

Independent method for the identification of driving train as an alternative to critical rail infrastructure monitoring

Burdzik Rafał, Słowiński Paweł

Journal of Automation, Electronics and Electrical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 5, No. 2

7--14

EN

The article presents a novel, independent method for recognizing the type of moving rail vehicle as an alternative to current solutions. The procedure for the implementation of the developed method consists of the following stages: registration of vibroacoustic signals, normalization of signals, preliminary statistical analysis, selection of WT analysis wavelets, MODWT analysis, completion of a database with information on the relative energy of the signal, compilation of results and determination of features distinguishing rail vehicles in terms of the information capacity of the vibroacoustic signal, final classification of the type of vehicle.

8

Analysis of energy efficiency and dynamics during car acceleration

Graba Mariusz, Bieniek Andrzej, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Hennek Krystian, Mamala Jarosław, Burdzik Rafał, Śmieja Michał

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. 17

EN

In this work, the authors focused on analyzing the energy efficiency and dynamics during car acceleration, featuring investigation of acceleration dynamics under various acceleration intensities. The tests were performed in the speed range between 45 km/h and 120 km/h, at a constant gear ratio. This enabled obtaining variable dynamic parameters of the acceleration process, ranging from about 0.1 to 1.4 m/s2, and recording variation in fuel consumption from 6.28 to 27.03 dm3/100km. The study focused on determining the relation between fuel consumption, energy efficiency and vehicle acceleration depending on the available drivetrain power. The relation between fuel consumption and vehicle acceleration was described by using the dynamic index. The proposed dynamic index takes into account the energy (from burned fuel) and vehicle acceleration intensity to obtain an objective metric for characterizing the acceleration process. The aforementioned index takes the form of the passenger car movement energy quality index and can be related to widely known physical properties, thus ensuring its universality. The index expresses the energy expenditure within the time needed to accelerate a vehicle weighing 1kg by a 1m distance. As opposed to other criteria that are applied to the assessment of passenger cars dynamics, the index shows a high determination coefficient R2 in excess of 0.99, and can be used as a universal metric to test other vehicle types.

9

Train detection methods as the foundation of positioning systems of railroad traffic control

Steuer Michał, Krzykawski Martin, Simiński Dawid, Chema Wongelawit, Burdzik Rafał

Diagnostyka

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2023

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Vol. 24, No. 3

art. no. 2023305

EN

Detection of the current location of rail vehicles in the railway infrastructure network determines the safety, efficiency and reliability of rail transport. In addition, it indirectly affects the safety at rail-road crossings, i.e. also the BRD (Road Safety). In terms of efficiency and reliability of transport systems, the ability to detect a moving vehicle can improve the effective capacity of railway lines. As in the case of technical diagnostics, effective recognition of the current state of the transport network determines the efficiency of the transport system. The development of railways, with particular emphasis on high-speed railways, makes it necessary to modernize and improve railway traffic control devices and systems. A special area of development, ensuring the safe and effective use of rail transport, is the detection and location of rail vehicles moving on the railway infrastructure. The ability to determine the precise location of a rail vehicle is a key element in the reliable operation of rail transport. Therefore, in the field of devices and systems for the detection and location of rail vehicles, many studies and analyzes are carried out to develop existing or create new solutions dedicated to positioning rail vehicles.

10

Probability of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens in long-distance passenger transport

Burdzik Rafał

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 4

21--39

EN

This paper presents a description of the methodology developed for estimation of pathogen transmission in transport and the results of the case study application for long-distance passenger transport. The primary objective is to report the method developed and the application for case studies in various passenger transport services. The most important findings and achievements of the presented study are the original universal methodology to estimate the probability of pathogen transmission with full mathematical disclosure and an open process formula, to make it possible to take other specific mechanisms of virus transmission when providing transport services. The results presented conducted an analysis on the mechanisms of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens during the transport process, to examine the chain of events as a result of which passengers may be infected. The author proposed a new method to estimate the probability of transmission of viral pathogens using the probability theory of the sum of elementary events. This is a new approach in this area, the advantage of which is a fully explicit mathematical formula that allows the method to be applied to various cases. The findings of this study can facilitate the management of epidemic risk in passenger transport operators and government administration. It should be clearly emphasised that the developed method and estimated values are the probabilities of pathogen transmission. Estimating the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogen is not the same as the probability of viral infection, and more so the probability of contracting COVID-19. Viral infection strongly depends on viral mechanisms, exposure doses, and contact frequency. The probability of contracting COVID-19 and its complications depends on the individual characteristics of the immune system, even with confirmed viral infection. However, it is undoubtedly that the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogen is the most reliable measure of infection risk, which can be estimated according to the objective determinants of pathogen transmission.

11

Comprehensive analysis of the costs and efficiency of work at ASO in terms of functioning during a pandemic

Burdzik Rafał, Lotko Adrian

Transport Samochodowy

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2022

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z. 1

5--13

EN

The global coronavirus pandemic and the effects of the COVID-19 disease have had an unprecedentedly significant impact on social behaviour and the global economy. The effects of the epidemic and the resulting restrictions will effect world markets for a long time, in almost every economic sector. The article presents the results of a preliminary analysis of how the pandemic influenced the functioning of the vehicle maintenance sector, using authorized service station (ASO) as an example. As part of the research, a comprehensive analysis of costs and work performance indicators was conducted and the results obtained in 2019, before the pandemic and in 2020 were compared. Additionally, an estimated forecast for the following years was made. The practical effect of the study is to present the extent to which the impact of the environment, an extremely unpredictable factor that has not yet occurred on such a scale in the global economy, affects the balance of costs and the efficiency of ASO work.

PL

Globalna pandemia koronawirusa oraz skutki choroby COVID-19 w sposób niespotykanie znaczący wpłynęło na zachowania społeczne i gospodarkę światową. Skutki epidemii i wynikających z nich obostrzeń jeszcze bardzo długo będą odczuwalne na rynkach światowych, niemal w każdym sektorze gospodarczym. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki wstępnej analizy jak wpłynęła pandemia na funkcjonowanie sektora obsług pojazdów, na przykładzie autoryzowanej stacji obsługi (ASO). W ramach badań przeprowadzono kompleksową analiza kosztów i wskaźników efektywności pracy oraz porównano uzyskane wyniki w roku 2019, przed pandemicznym i roku 2020. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono szacunkową prognozę na kolejne lata. Praktycznym efektem opracowania jest przedstawienie w jakim znacznym stopniu oddziaływanie otoczenia, skrajnie nieprzewidywalnego czynnika, który do tej pory nie wystąpił na taką skalę w gospodarce światowej, wpływa na bilans kosztów i efektywność pracy ASO.

12

Estimation of traffic flow using measurements of road surface vibrations

Burdzik Rafał, Celiński Ireneusz

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2022

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Vol. 21, no. 2

151--165

EN

Road traffic parameters in a selected road cross-section can be measured using various techniques. Such measurements can be made in the visible wave band, the audible frequency band or they can be based on vibrations. Most vibrations in the roadway are generated by vehicles moving in a traffic flow. This paper presents a simplified way of traffic flow measurement based on an analysis of road surface vibrations generated by vehicles. The vibrations originating from individual vehicles depend on the latter’s specifications and technical condition, as well as on the road’s pavement type, design class and condition. As part of this research an attempt at the parametrization of the traffic flow in a selected road cross-section was made using a road surface vibration analysis method. For this purpose a prototype measuring system equipped with an ADLX335 accelerometer was built. Road pavement vibration measurements acquired in this way were collated with measurement data obtained from a manual traffic recorder. The results show that the presented method is suitable for road traffic flow estimation.

PL

Pomiar parametrów ruchu drogowego w wybranym przekroju drogi zrealizowany może być z wykorzystaniem różnych technik. Pomiar może być wykonany w pasmie fal widzialnych, pasmie akustycznym lub z wykorzystaniem drgań. Większość drgań w pasie drogowym wywołują pojazdy poruszające się w strumieniu ruchu. W artykule przedstawiono sposób uproszczonego pomiaru natężenia strumienia ruchu z wykorzystaniem analizy drgań powierzchni jezdni wywoływanych przez pojazdy. Drgania pochodzące od poszczególnych pojazdów zależą od ich parametrów technicznych i stanu technicznego, jak również od rodzaju nawierzchni, klasy technicznej i stanu drogi. W artykule przedstawiono także próbę parametryzacji strumienia ruchu drogowego w wybranym przekroju drogi z wykorzystaniem metody analizy drgań nawierzchni. W tym celu użyto prototyp układu pomiarowego wyposażonego w akcelerometr ADLX335. Uzyskane w ten sposób wyniki pomiarów drgań nawierzchni zestawiono z danymi pomiarowymi z ręcznego rejestratora ruchu. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników wykazano, że prezentowana metoda pozwala na szacowanie natężenia strumienia ruchu drogowego.