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1
Content available Impact of Ti and Fe on the Microstructure and Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys
Piękoś M., Garbacz-Klempka A., Kozana J., Żak P. L.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2020
|
Vol. 20, iss. 4
83--90
EN
The paper discusses issues related to the technology of melting and processing of copper alloys. An assessment was made of the impact of titanium and iron introduced in the form of pre-alloy - Ti73Fe master alloy on the microstructure and selected properties of pure copper and copper-silicon alloy. There are known examples of the use of titanium and iron additive to the copper alloy. Titanium as an additive introduced to copper alloys to improve their properties is sometimes also applicable. In the first stage of the study, a series of experimental castings were conducted with variable content of Ti73Fe master alloy entering copper in quantities of 5 %, 15 %, 25 % in relation to the mass of the metal charge. In the second stage, a silicon additive was introduced into copper in the amount of about 4 % by weight and 0.5 % and 1 % respectively of the initial Ti73Fe alloy. Thermodynamic phase parameters were modelled using CALPHAD method and Thermo-Calc software, thus obtaining the crystallization characteristics of the test alloys and the percentage of structural components at ambient temperature. Experiments confirmed the validity of the use of Ti73Fe master alloy as an additive. The pre-alloy used showed a favourable performance, both in terms of addition solubility and in the area of improvement of strength properties. Changes were achieved in the microstructure, mainly within the grain, but also in the developed dendrites of the solid solution. Changes occur with the introduction of titanium with iron into copper as well as to two-component silicon bronze.
2
Content available Analysis of the Microstructure, Properties and Machinability of Al-Cu-Si Alloys
Kozana J., Piękoś M., Maj M., Garbacz-Klempka A., Żak P. L.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2020
|
Vol. 20, iss. 4
145--153
EN
As part of the studies conducted in the field of broadly understood casting of non-ferrous metals, selected results on the impact of variable additions of copper and silicon in aluminium were presented. A series of melts was carried out with copper content kept constant at a level of 2% (1st stage) and 4% (2nd stage) and variable contents of silicon introduced into aluminium. The crystallization characteristics of the examined alloys and the percentage of structural constituents at ambient temperature were obtained by modelling the thermodynamic parameters of individual phases with the CALPHAD method. The microstructure of the obtained alloys was examined and microhardness was measured by the Vickers-Hanemann method. The alloy properties were assessed based on the results of mechanical tests, including ultimate tensile strength (UTS), hardness (BHN) and elongation (E). The machinability of the tested alloys was analyzed in a machinability test carried out by the Keep-Bauer method, which consisted in drilling with a constant feed force. The obtained results clearly indicate changes in the images of microstructure, such as the reduction in grain size, solution hardening and precipitation hardening. The changes in the microstructure are also reflected in the results of mechanical properties testing, causing an increase in strength and hardness, and plasticity variations in the range of 4 ÷ 16%, mainly due to the introduced additions of copper and silicon. The process of alloy strengthening is also visible in the results of machinability tests. The plotted curves showing the depth of the hole as a function of time and the images of chips produced during the test indicate an improvement in the wear resistance obtained for the tested group of aluminium alloys with the additions of copper and silicon.
3
Content available Influence of Structural Discontinuities on Fatigue Life of 4XXX0-Series Aluminum Alloys
Zych J., Piekło J., Maj M., Garbacz-Klempka A., Piękoś M.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2019
|
Vol. 64, iss. 2
765--771
EN
Fatigue investigations of two 4XXX0-series aluminum alloys (acc. PN-EN 1706) within a range of fewer than 104 cycles at a coefficient of cycle asymmetry of R = –1 were performed in the current paper. The so-called modified low-cycle test, which provided additional information concerning the fatigue life and strength of the tested alloys, was also performed. The obtained results were presented in the form of diagrams: stress amplitude σa – number of cycles before damage N. On the basis of the microscopic images of sample fractures, the influence of the observed casting defects on the decrease of cycle numbers at a given level of stress amplitude were analyzed. Based on the images and dimensions of the observed defects, stress intensity factor KI was analytically determined for each. Their numerical models were also made, and stress intensity factor KI was calculated by the finite element method (FEM).
4
Content available Lead-Free Casting Brasses. Investigations of the Corrosion Resistance and Shaping of Microstructure and Properties
Kozana J., Garbacz-Klempka A., Piękoś M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2019
|
iss. 2
113--118
EN
The ecological factor is very important in shaping properties of alloys. It leads to a limitation or elimination, from the surroundings, of harmful elements from the heavy metals group. The so-called eco-brasses group comprises common lead-free brasses containing 10 to 40% of zinc and arsenic brasses of a high dezincification resistance. Among standardized alloys, CW511L alloy ( acc. to EN standard) or MS-60 alloy (acc. to DIN) can be mentioned. Investigations were performed on two different kinds of metal charges: ingots cast by gravity and the ones obtained in the semi-continuous casting technology with using crystallizers. The casting quality was analysed on the basis of the microstructure images and mechanical properties. The investigations also concerned increasing the corrosion resistance of lead-free alloys. This resistance was determined by the dezincification tendency of alloys after the introduction of alloying additions, i.e. aluminium, arsenic and tin. The investigations focused on the fact that not only alloying additions but also the production methods of charge materials are essential for the quality of produced castings. The introduced additions of aluminium and tin in amounts: 0÷1.2 wt% decreased the dezincification tendency, while arsenic, already in the amount of 0.033 wt%, significantly stopped corrosion, limiting the dezincification process of lead-free CuZn37 brass. At higher arsenic contents, corrosion occurs only within the thin surface layer of the casting (20 μ).
5
Content available Investigations of the Influence of the Zone of Chills on the Casting Made of AlSi7Mg Alloy with Various Wall Thicknesses
Piękoś M., Zych J.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2019
|
iss. 1
127--132
EN
The influence of the chill on the AlSi7Mg alloy properties after the heat treatment T6, was realised in the system of the horizontally cast plate of dimensions 160x240 mm and thickness of 10 and 15 m. The cooling course in individual casting zones was recorded, which allowed to determine the solidification rate. Castings were subjected to the heat treatment T6 process. Several properties of the alloy such as: hardness BHN, density, tensile strength UTS, elongation %E were determined. The microstructure images were presented and the structural SDAS parameter determined. The performed investigations as well as the analysis of the results allowed to determine the influence zone of the chill. The research shows that there is a certain dependence between the thickness of the casting wall and the influence zone of the chill, being not less than 2g, where g is the casting wall thickness. The next aim of successive investigations will be finding the confirmation that there is the dependence between the casting wall thickness and the influence zone of the chill for other thicknesses of walls. We would like to prove that this principle is of a universal character.
6
Nowe metody regulacji
Mazurek M., Piękoś M.
Energetyka Cieplna i Zawodowa
|
2018
|
Nr 3
40--49
PL
MPEC Kraków zwiększa efektywność energetyczną sieci ciepłowniczej poprzez zastosowanie nowej metody regulacji, która bazuje na odzyskaniu energii mechanicznej z wody sieciowej.
7
Content available remote Możliwość regulacji sieci i węzłów ciepłowniczych za pomocą turbiny wodnej na przykładzie MPEC S.A. Kraków
Piękoś M., Mazurek M.
Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja
|
2018
|
T. 49, nr 11
430--435
PL
W celu zwiększenia efektywności energetycznej sieci ciepłowniczej MPEC Kraków prowadzi badania nad zastosowaniem nowej metody regulacji sieci ciepłowniczej. Tradycyjne zawory i klapy regulacyjne mogą być zastąpione przez regulatory ciśnienia o pracy turbinowej (turbinami wodnymi), regulującymi spadek ciśnienia i natężenie przepływu wody sieciowej, a wytworzona w ten sposób energia elektryczna zasili pompy obiegowe w wymiennikowni lub odprowadzana zostanie z komór ciepłowniczych do sieci energetycznej.
EN
MPEC Krakow is conducting the research on the application of a new regulation method of district heating network as a part of increasing its energy efficiency. Traditional valves and control flaps can be replaced with turbine pressure regulators (water turbines) controlling the pressure drop and the network water flow rate. The electricity generated in this way will feed circulating pumps in the exchanger chamber or will be discharged from the heating chambers to the power grid.
8
Content available Influence of Modification in Centrifugal Casting on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Silicon Bronzes
Garbacz-Klempka A., Kozana J., Piękoś M., Papaj P., Papaj P., Perek-Nowak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2018
|
Vol. 18, iss. 3
11--18
EN
Silicon bronzes are characterised by good mechanical properties and by high corrosion and mechanical wear resistance. The process of sleeve casting by means of the centrifugal casting with the horizontal axis of the mould rotation was analysed. The assessment of the influence of modification and centrifugal casting parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of alloys was carried out in the hereby work. Zirconium was applied as a modifier. Speed of rotation of the mould was the variable parameter of the centrifugal casting. The investigation results were summarised on the basis of the microstructure analysis and mechanical properties determination: UTS, proof stress, A10 and BHN. The experiment aimed at finding the information in which way the modification together with changing the pouring parameters influence the mechanical properties of the CuSi3Zn3FeMn alloy.
9
Content available Assessment of Impact of Nickel Additions on Tin Bronzes
Kozana J., Garbacz-Klempka A., Piękoś M., Czekaj J., Perek-Nowak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2018
|
Vol. 18, iss. 1
53--60
EN
High prices of tin and its limited resources, as well as several valuable properties characterising Cu-Sn alloys, cause searching for materials of similar or better properties at lower production costs. The influence of various nickel additions to CuSn10 casting bronze and to CuSn8 bronze of a decreased tin content was tested. Investigations comprised melting processes and casting of tin bronzes containing various nickel additions (up to 5%). The applied variable conditions of solidification and cooling of castings (metal and ceramic moulds) allowed to assess these alloys sensitivity in forming macro and microstructures. In order to determine the direction of changes in the analysed Cu-Sn-Ni alloys, the metallographic and strength tests were performed. In addition, the solidification character was analysed on the basis of the thermal analysis tests. The obtained results indicated the influence of nickel in the solidification and cooling ways of the analysed alloys (significantly increased temperatures of the solidification beginning along with increased nickel fractions in Cu-Sn alloys) as well as in the microstructure pattern (clearly visible grain size changes). The hardness and tensile strength values were also changed. It was found, that decreasing of the tin content in the analysed bronzes to which approximately 3% of nickel was added, was possible, while maintaining the same ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness (HB) and improved plasticity (A5).
10
Content available Analysis of a Castings Quality and Metalworking Technology. Treasure of the Bronze Age Axes
Garbacz-Klempka A., Kaczmarek Ł., Kwak Z., Kozana J., Piękoś M., Perek-Nowak M., Długosz P.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2018
|
Vol. 18, iss. 3
179--285
EN
Cast axes are one of the most numerous categories of bronze products from earlier phases of the Bronze Age found in Poland. They had multiple applications since they were not only used objects such as tools or weapons but also played the prestigious and cult roles. Investigations of the selected axes from the bronze products treasure of the Bronze Age, found in the territory of Poland, are presented in the hereby paper. The holder of these findings is the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Metallurgical investigations of axes with bushing were performed in respect of the casting technology and quality of obtained castings. Macroscopic observations allowed to document the remains of the gating system and to assess the range and kind of casting defects. Light microscopy revealed the microstructure character of these relicts. The chemical composition was determined by means of the X-ray fluorescence method with energy dispersion (ED-XRF) and by the scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersion analysis in micro-areas (SEM-EDS). The shape and dimensions of cores, reproducing inner parts of axes were identified on the basis of the X-ray tomography images. Studies reconstructed production technology of the mould with gating system, determined chemical composition of the applied alloys and casting structures as well as revealed the casting defects being the result of construction and usage of moulds and cores.
11
Jak powstała elektrowymiennikownia. Nowa metoda hydraulicznej regulacji sieci ciepłowniczej cz. 2
Mazurek M., Piękoś M.
Energetyka Cieplna i Zawodowa
|
2017
|
Nr 1
56--57
PL
MPEC w Krakowie, prowadząc prace nad odzyskiem energii mechanicznej z sieci ciepłowniczej, zleciło pracownikom naukowym Politechniki Krakowskiej wykonanie prac analitycznych, w których określono potencjał energii mechanicznej wynikającej z nadwyżek ciśnienia dyspozycyjnego i przepływającego czynnika grzewczego. Wyznaczono granice opłacalności takiego projektu i przedstawiono dwa warianty jego realizacji.
12
Content available remote Nowa metoda hydraulicznej regulacji sieci ciepłowniczych. Cz. 2
Mazurek M., Piękoś M.
Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja
|
2017
|
T. 48, nr 2
53--58
PL
W celu poprawy efektywności energetycznej sieci ciepłowniczej MPEC Kraków prowadzi badania nad zastosowaniem nowej metody regulacji sieci ciepłowniczej. Tradycyjne zawory i klapy regulacyjne mogą być zastąpione turbinowymi regulatorami ciśnienia (turbinami wodnymi), regulującymi spadek ciśnienia i natężenie przepływu wody sieciowej. Energia elektryczna wytworzona w turbinach może być wykorzystana do zasilania pomp obiegowych w wymiennikowni lub odprowadzana z komór ciepłowniczych do sieci elektroenergetycznej. Metoda regulacji sieci ciepłowniczej nosi znamiona wynalazku, została ona zgłoszona do Urzędu Patentowego w 2012 r. W lutym 2016 r. został przyznany patent nr 223602.
EN
In order to improve energy efficiency of the district heating network, MPEC Cracow continues to research a new method to control it. Traditional valves and control valves can be replaced with turbine pressure regulators (water turbines), governing the pressure drop and flow rate of the network water. Electricity generated in turbines can be used to power the circulation pump of the exchanger or can be discharged from the heat chambers to the power grid.
13
Content available Metallurgical Slags as Traces of a 15th century Copper Smelter
Garbacz-Klempka A., Wardas-Lasoń M., Kozana J., Piękoś M., Kwak Z.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2017
|
Vol. 17, iss. 2
25--30
EN
The research focuses on assessing the metal content, mainly copper, lead, iron and also silver in metallurgical slag samples from the area where historical metallurgical industry functioned. In the smelter located in Mogiła, near Krakow (southern Poland), whose operation is confirmed in sources from 1469, copper was probably refined as well as silver was separated from copper. Based on the change of chemical and soil phase content and also taking cartographic and historical data into account, considering the restrictions resulting from the modern land use the area was determined whose geochemical mapping can point to the location of the 15th century Jan Thurzo’s smelter in Mogiła near Krakow. Moreover, using the same approach with the samples of this kind here as with hazardous waste, an attempt has been made to assess their impact on the environment. Thereby, taking the geoenvironmental conditions into account, potential impact of the industrial activity has been assessed, which probably left large scale changes in the substratum, manifested in the structure, chemical content and soil phase changes. Discovering areas which are contaminated above the standard value can help to identify historical human activities, and finding the context in artefacts allows to treat geochemical anomalies as a geochronological marker. For this purpose the best are bed sediments, at present buried in the ground, of historical ditches draining the area of the supposed smelter. Correlating their qualities with analogical research of archeologically identified slags and other waste material allows for reconstructing the anthropopressure stages and the evaluation of their effects. The operation of Jan Thurzo’s smelter is significant for the history of mining and metallurgy of Poland and Central and Eastern Europe.
14
Nowe regulatory wzorowane na turbinach wodnych. Odzysk energii mechanicznej z wody sieciowej
Mazurek M., Piękoś M.
Polski Instalator
|
2016
|
Nr 8
20--23
PL
Prezentujemy nowy sposób regulacji hydraulicznej sieci ciepłowniczych przy użyciu turbinowych regulatorów ciśnienia (TRC). Pozwalają one na odzysk energii mechanicznej wody sieciowej i wytworzenie energii elektrycznej, którą można wykorzystać, np. do zasilania pomp obiegowych w wymiennikowni ciepła, lub odprowadzić do sieci. To polski wynalazek, opatentowany w tym roku pod numerem 223602.
15
Content available Comparative assessment of Al-Si alloy gassing degree with the application of the „first bubble” and „solidification under decreased pressure” methods
Zych J., Piękoś M., Kolczyk J.
Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering
|
2016
|
Vol. 42, no. 1
7--19
EN
All aluminum alloys in a liquid state are characterised by easy oxidation and absorption of hydrogen from the surroundings (which are the main reasons for casting defects). The amount of hydrogen adsorbed by a liquid alloy depends mainly on temperature and melting time. The performed investigations were aimed at comparing two known methods of measuring a metal gassing degree; the first bubble method and sample solidification under decreased pressure. Liquid metal melting and holding processes were performed under different conditions that caused variability of its gassing degree, resulting in a variability of purity and quality of the liquid metal. The investigations were carried out with using the hypoeutectic aluminum-silica AK7 alloy.
PL
Wszystkie stopy aluminiowe w stanie ciekłym charakteryzują się łatwym utlenianiem i pochłanianiem wodoru z otaczającej atmosfery, co jest główną przyczyną wad odlewniczych. Ilość wodoru zaabsorbowanego przez ciekły stop zależy głównie od temperatury i czasu topienia. Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu porównanie dwóch znanych metod pomiaru stopnia zagazowania metalu, metodę pierwszego pęcherzyka oraz metodę krzepnięcia próbki pod obniżonym ciśnieniem. Proces topienia i przetrzymywania ciekłego metalu odbywał się w różnych warunkach, co powodowało zmienność stopnia zagazowania, a tym samym czystości i jakości ciekłego metalu. Wykonane badania zostały przeprowadzone z wykorzystaniem podeutektycznego stopu aluminium-krzem AK7.
16
Sieć wyregulowana. Nowa metoda hydraulicznej regulacji sieci ciepłowniczej cz. 1
Mazurek M., Piękoś M.
Energetyka Cieplna i Zawodowa
|
2016
|
Nr 8
50--52
PL
MPEC Kraków prowadzi prace nad poprawą efektywności energetycznej sieci ciepłowniczej i bada nowy sposób regulacji hydraulicznej węzła ciepłowniczego oparty na metodzie opisanej jako System Dystrybucji Cieczy lub Gazu. Polega ona na zastąpieniu reduktora ciśnienia turbiną wodną, na łopatkach której następuje spadek ciśnienia, zapewniający regulację przepływu czynnika grzewczego.
17
Content available remote Nowa metoda hydraulicznej regulacji sieci ciepłowniczej
Mazurek M., Piękoś M.
Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja
|
2016
|
T. 47, nr 1
5--8
PL
W celu poprawy efektywności energetycznej sieci ciepłowniczej MPEC Kraków prowadzi badania nad zastosowaniem nowej metody regulacji sieci ciepłowniczej. Tradycyjne zawory i klapy regulacyjne mogą być zastąpione turbinowymi regulatorami ciśnienia (turbinami wodnymi), regulującymi spadek ciśnienia i natężenie przepływu wody sieciowej. Energia elektryczna wytworzona w turbinach może być wykorzystana do zasilania pomp obiegowych w wymiennikowni lub odprowadzana z komór ciepłowniczych do sieci elektroenergetycznej.
EN
In order to improve energy efficiency of the district heating network, MPEC Cracow continues to research a new method to control it. Traditional valves and control valves can be replaced with turbine pressure regulators (water turbines), governing the pressure drop and flow rate of the network water. Electricity generated in turbines can be used to power the circulation pump of the exchanger or can be discharged from the heat chambers to the power grid.
18
Content available Archaeometallurgical Investigations of the Early Iron Age Casting Workshop at Kamieniec. A Preliminary Study
Garbacz-Klempka A., Kowalski Ł., Kozana J., Gackowski J., Perek-Nowak M., Szczepańska G., Piękoś M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2016
|
Vol. 16, iss. 3
29--34
EN
(Chełmno land, Poland) as it is reflected through casting workshop recovered during recent excavations. Among ready products, the ones giving evidence of local metallurgy (e.g. casting moulds and main runners) were also identified. With the shrinkage cavities and dendritic microstructures revealed, the artifacts prove the implementing a casting method by the Lusatian culture metalworkers. The elemental composition indicates application of two main types of bronzes: Cu-Sn and Cu-Pb. Aside these main alloying additions, some natural impurities such as silver, arsenic, antimony and nickel were found which may be attributed to the origin of the ore and casting technology. The collection from Kamieniec was described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint either local or non-local profile of the alloys, the ED-XRF data-set was statistically evaluated using a factor analysis (FA).
19
Content available Structure Analysis and Properties of Unleaded Brasses
Rzadkosz S., Kozana J., Garbacz-Klempka A., Piękoś M.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2015
|
Vol. 60, iss. 1
323--328
EN
The analysis of brasses regarding their microstructure, mechanical properties and ecological characteristics has been presented. The influence of characteristic alloying elements contained in the brasses and the possibilities of replacing them with other elements have been assessed. The paper contains the results of studies on the influence of chosen additional elements shaping the structure and properties of unleaded alloys based on Cu-Zn system as the matrix. The research aimed at determining the mechanism and the intensity of influence of such additives as tellurium and bismuth. The microstructures were investigated with the help of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDS) for determining significant changes of the properties.
PL
Przedstawiono analizę mosiądzów w zakresie mikrostruktury, właściwości wytrzymałościowych oraz charakterystyki ekologicznej. Poddano ocenie wpływ charakterystycznych pierwiastków stopowych zawartych w mosiądzach i możliwości zastąpienia ich innymi. W pracy ujęto wyniki badań wpływu wybranych dodatkowych pierwiastków kształtujących strukturę i właściwości bezołowiowych stopów na osnowie układu Cu-Zn. Podjęte badania miały na celu określenie mechanizmu i intensywności oddziaływania dodatków takich jak: tellur i bizmut. Przeprowadzono badania mikrostruktur z wykorzystaniem mikroskopii świetlnej oraz mikroskopii skaningowej z mikroanalizą rentgenowską SEM-EDS, dla określenia istotnych zmian właściwości.
20
Content available Research of Aluminium Influence on Tin Bronzes
Rzadkosz S., Garbacz-Klempka A., Kozana J., Piękoś M., Czekaj E., Perek-Nowak M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2015
|
Vol. 15, iss. 1 spec.
93--98
EN
During the research a group of copper and tin alloys was investigated. The influence of variable additions of aluminium within the range of 0.3 – 1.4 wt % was analysed on tin bronze CuSn10 with the aim of obtaining durable bronzes, from outside the normalized copper alloy groups. Melts were conducted in order to obtain alloy samples for testing the chosen properties. Metallographic and SEM-EDS tests were carried out to determine the microstructure changes caused by introducing Al addition to CuSn10 alloy. Also, chosen mechanical properties were tested for the alloys investigated. The results showed considerable changes in the microstructure as well as significant hardening of the Cu-Sn alloys as the result of aluminium addition. The thermal and dilatometric analysis confirmed the presence of phase changes, also their parameters were assessed depending on the share of aluminium addition in the CuSn10. The aluminium additive applied within the range of 0.3-1.4 wt% to CuSn10 bronze clearly impacted the microstructure and the strength properties analysed, causing the increase in strength and hardness with simultaneous insignificant decrease of elongation of the CuSn10Al alloys.
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