The classical continuum theory is based on the assumption that each small particle behaves like a simple material point and ignores the relative motions of constituent parts of this particle. The development of the notion of a point and the development of non-Eeuclidean geometry is considered. The Cosserat continuum is an example of medium with microstructure, in which "a ponit" has an internal structure. Its motion is determined by the displacement and rotation fields.
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The time-fractional diffusion-wave equation with the Caputo derivative is considered. The typical features of the solution to the Cauchy problem for this equation are discussed depending on values of the order of fractional derivative.
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Essentials of the Riemann-Liouville fractional calculus are recalled. Nonlocal generalizations of the Fourier law of the classical theory of heat conduction relating the heat flux vector to the temperature gradient and of the Fick law of the classical theory of diffusion relating the matter flux vector to the concentration gradient lead to non-classical theories. The time-nonlocal dependence between the flux vectors and corresponding gradients with “long-tale” power kernel can be interpreted in terms of fractional integrals and derivatives and yields the time-fractional diffusion equation.
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An interfacial region and a three-phase line region are considered as two dimensional and one-dimensional continua. Equations of the linear momentum balance and moment-of-momentum balance generalize the Laplace equation for surfaces and the Young equation for lines. Balance equations for surface dislocations and disc1inations are also considered. The motor analysis is used for a description of continua with couple stresses.
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A review of studies concerning models of crystal defects in solids is presented. The emphasis is on describing imperfections in nonlocal elastic continuum. Nonlocal theory reduces to the classical theory of elasticity in the long wave-length limit and to the atomic lattice theory in the short wave-length limit.
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