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Warunki występowania erozji w obszarze stacji narciarskich w Karpatach Polskich

Piątek Dawid, Krzemień Kazimierz, Gołąb Agata

Landform Analysis

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2022

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Vol. 41

17--31

PL

Wzrost popularności turystyki narciarskiej wpływa na intensywny rozwój stacji narciarskich, w szczególności tych posiadających koleje linowe. W literaturze szeroko opisywane są przyrodnicze skutki narciarstwa, również wpływ na rzeźbę terenu. Jednakże, nie ma opracowań wskazujących stacje narciarskie jako obszary o zwiększonej podatności na erozję oraz skalę przestrzenną tego zjawiska. Celem badań było poznanie warunków wystąpienia erozji oraz intensywnego przeobrażania stoków w strefie stacji narciarskich na przykładzie Karpat Polskich. W tym celu, z wykorzystaniem danych GUGiK, oprogramowania GIS oraz metod statystycznych przeprowadzono analizę liczby, położenia i morfologii stoków narciarskich oraz sposobów ich utrzymania. Dokonano również podziału stacji narciarskich ze względu na typy rzeźby w ich otoczeniu oraz dominujące procesy morfogenetyczne. Uzyskane parametry morfometryczne oraz dane o infrastrukturze stacji narciarskich wykorzystano w analizie składowych głównych (PCA), która pozwoliła na wytypowanie stacji narciarskich o największej podatności na erozję w Karpatach Polskich. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że stacje narciarskie w masywie Skrzycznego charakteryzują się największym zagrożeniem wystąpienia erozji. Zwrócono również uwagę na duży potencjał erozyjny stacji na Kasprowym Wierchu oraz stacji w najwyższych partiach Beskidów. Wykazano, że najmniejszy potencjał erozyjny cechuje nisko położone, niewielkie stacje narciarskie. Badania wskazują również na istotną rolę sztucznego naśnieżania oraz występowania nieciągłej pokrywy roślinnej na warunki wystąpienia erozji w obszarze nartostrad niezależnie od energii rzeźby.

EN

Increasing in popularity of skiing lead to intensive development of ski resorts, especially these with cable transport. In the literature is a wide characteristic of environmental effects of skiing as well as the impact on the relief. However, there is a lack of works presenting ski resorts as areas with higher susceptibility to erosion and the spatial scale of the phenomenon. For this purpose, with the use of Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK) data, GIS software and statistical methods, an analysis of the number, location and morphology of ski slopes and the methods of their maintaining was carried out. The ski resorts were also divided according to the types of relief in their surroundings and the dominant morphogenetic processes. The obtained morphometric parameters and data about the infrastructure of ski resorts were used in the principal component analysis (PCA) allowed to select ski resorts with the highest susceptibility to erosion in the Polish Carpathians. The obtained results indicate that the ski stations in the Skrzyczne massif are characterized by the highest risk of erosion. Attention was also paid to the high erosion potential of the station on Kasprowy Wierch and the stations in the highest parts of the Beskids. It has been shown that the lowest erosion potential is found low mountains, small ski resorts. The research also indicates a significant role of artificial snowmaking and the presence of discontinuous vegetation cover on the conditions of erosion in the area of ski slopes, regardless of the relief energy.

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Zarys przyrodniczych i antropogenicznych uwarunkowań rozwoju systemów dolinnych i korytowych w Polsce

Andrzejewski Leon, Krzemień Kazimierz, Zwoliński Zbigniew

Landform Analysis

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2018

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Vol. 37

17--51

PL

Artykuł stanowi próbę przeglądu stanu aktualnej wiedzy i dyskusji dotyczącej ewolucji i typologii systemów dolinnych i korytowych na obszarze Polski. Współczesne krajobrazy systemów dolinnych oraz systemy korytowe odzwierciedlają nakładanie się wielorakich czynników zarówno naturalnych jak i antropogenicznych. Wśród nich decydujące znaczenie mają zmiany klimatyczne oraz regionalne uwarunkowania morfotektoniczne i morfogenetyczne. W ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat krajobrazy te uległy dużym przeobrażeniom m.in. na skutek zmian klimatu i w konsekwencji zmieniających się uwarunkowań hydrologicznych, użytkowania ziemi, jak również na skutek narastającej ingerencji człowieka w systemy korytowe i dolinne. W efekcie podejmowanie są próby klasyfikacji zróżnicowanych typów i podtypów ewolucyjnych dolin rzecznych oraz odmiennych typów współczesnych układów koryt rzecznych i teras zalewowych, które odzwierciedlają złożone i często nakładające się uwarunkowania przyrodnicze i antropogeniczne.

EN

The paper is an attempt to review the state of current knowledge and discussion on the evolution and typology of valley and river channel systems in Poland. Contemporary landscapes of valley systems and river channel systems reflect the overlap of multiple natural and anthropogenic factors. Among them, climate changes and regional morphotectonic and morphogenetic determinants are of crucial importance. Over the last decades, these landscapes have undergone substantial transformations, among others as a result of climate change and as a consequence of changing hydrological conditions, land use, as well as a result of increasing human interference in river channel and valley systems. It thus follows from the circumstances that attempts are made to classify different evolutionary types and subtypes of river valleys and different types of contemporary river channel patterns and floodplains that reflect complex and often overlapping natural and anthropogenic conditions.

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Land cover changes and erosion susceptibility in the largest ski resorts in the Polish Carpathians

Piątek Dawid, Krzemień Kazimierz

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2022/2023

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Vol. 56/57

99--119

EN

The intensive development of ski resorts leads to significant changes in the environment. The most important issue is the increase in the susceptibility of hillslopes to erosion due to deforestation and degradation of vegetation cover. RGB-band orthophotos provided by GUGiK (Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography in Poland) were used to determine land cover changes in the ski areas of the three largest ski resorts in the Polish Carpathians for the years 2009–2019. The ski resorts were selected on the basis of their area, intensity of use and transport capacity. The ski resorts selected for the analysis were: COS Szczyrk and Szczyrk Mountain Resort in the Skrzyczne Massif, PKL Jaworzyna Krynicka in the Beskid Sądecki Mountains and Kotelnica Białczańska in the Gubałowskie Foothills. A semi-automatic image classification in ArcGIS Pro defined three land cover classes: tree cover, grass cover, and no vegetation. By comparing classes distribution, it was determined changes in the susceptibility of hillslopes to erosion. On the basis of the field surveys attention was paid to the maintain and the development of ski resorts. The results indicate that the stations located in the Skrzyczne massif developed most intensively in the 2009–2019 decade, leading to a significant decrease in tree-covered and grassy areas. Intense water erosion and mass movements on road undercuts and escarpments on ski runs were observed. The most positive changes in terms of erosion protection occurred on Jaworzyna Krynicka, where the area deprived of vegetation decreased in the studied period. This is a result of the environmental monitoring carried out and the use of various anti-erosion treatments e.g. hay spreading, sheep grazing. The research indicates that anti-erosion treatments and continuity of vegetation cover play a very important role on the possibility of erosion processes on ski run surfaces.

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Key causes of changes in the Soła river channel in the Oświęcim region of southern Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries

Zygmuniak Andrzej, Czaja Stanisław, Krzemień Kazimierz

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2022/2023

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Vol. 56/57

51--78

EN

The study consisted of an analysis of changes in the course of the Soła River and covered the section of the river situated in the Carpathian foreland. A detailed analysis was performed for a 3.5 km section of the Soła valley in the vicinity of Oświęcim – a midsize city in southern Poland. The aim of the research was to evaluate natural and anthropogenic determinants of runoff formation and the resulting erosion, transport, and aggradation of sediments in the Soła river channel. The study covers the time period from the late 18th century to the late 19th century with a special focus on the years 1812 to 1875 or the final phase of the Little Ice Age. The materials used in the study include detailed maps of the Soła valley (scale: approx. 1:6,000 or 1:8,000) as well as maps at the scale 1:28,800. The detailed maps were created by the Galicia Water Management Bureau in Kraków for local projects associated with river regulation works. Medium-scale maps were produced in chronological order: (1) first military map of Galicia called Mieg’s Map during the era of Emperor Joseph, where the cartographic work was managed by the Headquarters of the General Staff, (2) second miliary map of AustriaHungary created during the reign of Emperor Francis. The present study employs military maps of Galicia and Bukovina created based upon a generalization of available cadastral maps. These materials are characterized by a significant degree of detail and cartometric finesse. Twenty six maps of the studied section of river were used in the study. The research helped to determine changes in the pattern of braided and anastomosing rivers with gravel bed channels flowing across mountain foreland areas. The channel pattern was found to change in the studied section following every high water stage. The changes included shifts in the location of the actual channel as well as variations in depth. In some cases the river channel would become deeper or wider, while in other cases it would become filled in with sediment. Significant changes in the studied river’s system were noted as a result of variations in the climate and due to human impact in the Soła river channel and along its tributaries. The width of the Soła channel declined from about 80 m to about 60 m, while maximum depth increased from 2.2 m to 3.2 m, main river channel length declined from 3.48 m to 2.99 m, and the total length of lateral channels declined from 4.20 km to 3.46 km. The sinuosity of watercourses also decreased, while the studied multi-channel river in effect became a single-channel river featuring multiple currents.

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Geomorphologic effects of human impact across the Svydovets Massif in the Eastern Carpathians in Ukraine

Kłapyta Piotr, Krzemień Kazimierz, Gorczyca Elżbieta, Krąż Paweł, Dubis Lidia

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2019/2020

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Vol. 53/54

85--111

EN

Contemporary changes in the natural environment in many mountain areas, especially those occurring above the upper tree line, are related to tourism. The Svydovets Massif, located in the Eastern Carpathians in Ukraine, is a good example of an area that is currently experiencing intense degradation. The highest, NE part of this area is crisscrossed with numerous paths, tourist routes, and ski trails. The strong human impact the area experiences is occurring simultaneously with the activity of natural geomorphologic processes. The processes occur with the greatest intensity above the upper tree line. The development of the discussed area has been occurring gradually since the early 20th century. It started when the region belonged to Austria-Hungary, then Czechoslovakia, and subsequently the USSR. Now that it belongs to independent Ukraine the level of tourism-related development has sharply increased. Comparing it to other mountain areas, such as the Tatras, the Alps, or the Monts Dore Massif in France, the Svydovets Massif is being reshaped much more rapidly due to the damage caused by human impact.

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Frost weathering of selected Tatra rocks in the light of laboratory tests

Lubera Ewa, Krzemień Kazimierz, Krzaklewski Paweł

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2022/2023

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Vol. 56/57

5--29

EN

Frost weathering is one of the types of physical weathering. The goal of this study was to find out how the rates and ways of frost weathering vary, based on laboratory research studies. A variety of types of Tatra rocks, their mineral composition, degree of fissuring, various capabilities of absorption of water, and porosity, all determine the progress of the process of weathering as well as its dissimilar effects and products. Generally, the breaking apart and gradual disintegration of rock into smaller fragments are the results of weathering. Rock samples, intended to be studied in the laboratory, represented rock formations of different age and various geologic units of the Western Tatra Mountains. The laboratory research studies that were conducted simulated processes occurring under natural conditions, which allowed performing an analysis of the physical properties of rocks. The rocks of the greatest and the smallest resistance to frost weathering were identified based on a calculated frost weathering index. The significant resistance of the studied Tatra rocks is influenced by their low open porosity, low capability of absorption of water, rock toughness, high degree of sorting of rock grains (grain sizes are similar), low degree of fracturing of samples in their initial state, and the presence of cementing material filling in rock pores almost entirely. The influence of texture on the disintegration of rocks was not observed, whereas the presence of mineral veins in rocks determined the way they fell apart, which occurred in samples of fine-grained conglomerate.