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Assessment of firefighters’ safety during exercises and training in a smoke chamber

Saleta Damian, Dudek Paweł, Łapicz Marcin

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

2024

Nr 92 (tom 1)

57--83

In the process of vocational training, firefighters undergo a series of refresher exercises and tests (examinations) to verify their resilience to factors that may be encountered during actual rescue operations. One such training is smoke chamber exercises and tests, which examine firefighters’ resilience to psychophysical stresses in conditions close to real life. Orientation, the ability to move in smoke-logged conditions and in confined spaces are all tested during improvement drills. This article presents the results of a study aiming to establish the safety level of firefighters during exercises and tests in a smoke chamber, based on selected criteria, which comprised the number of firefighters on the training path, the length of the training path, the capacity of the compressed air cylinders, the change in heart rate while traversing the training path, the BMI index, the knowledge of operating respiratory protection equipment (RPE), the physical workload, the rate of air consumption while traversing the training path and the cognitive abilities of the test participants. This paper examines legal considerations and occupational risks for firefighters during smoke chamber exercises and tests. Identified organisational factors and individual behaviours affecting the safety of trainees and techniques of risk-reducing measures are presented, as well as firefighters’ own safety assessment criteria. Also presented are the results of experimental, survey and psychometric studies. The research comprised a group of 50 firefighters, both professional and volunteer, including 46 men and four women. The results of the research work showed that the effect of short-term exposure to a psychophysical load generated by smoke chamber conditions has a significant impact on cognitive abilities. It was shown how organisational factors and the individual behaviour of each firefighter affect their safety during smoke chamber exercises and tests, and solutions were proposed to improve this safety.

CFAST and FDS simulations of temperature in unsealed apartment – comparison of model results with experimental data

Saleta Damian, Gałaj Jerzy, Tuśnio Norbert

Materiały Budowlane

2024

nr 12

78--92

This paper presents the validation of the CFAST and FDS models for a fire in an unsealed dwelling. The heat release rate was obtained from the Room Corner test and the experimental data from the full-scale fire test. The comparison concerned on the temperature distribution at selected points in the room. Two variants were used for the FDS simulation, the first with one fire source (an armchair) and no consideration of wind, and the second with two fire sources (an armchair and a sofa). In addition, the second variant used a 300-second delay for the second fire source and the wind, resulting from the full-scale fire observation. The accuracy of temperature mapping with both models depends on the location of the measuring point in relation to the fire source and the vents. Equally importantly, the representation of the temperature characteristics in the FDS field model can also be significantly improved by taking into account the wind and the additional fire area for a component that starts to burn after a certain time.

W artykule przedstawiono walidację modeli CFAST i FDS w przypadku pożaru w rozszczelnionym mieszkaniu. Szybkość wydzielania ciepła otrzymano z testu Room Corner, a dane eksperymentalne z pełnoskalowego testu pożarowego. Porównanie dotyczyło rozkładu temperatury w wybranych punktach pomieszczenia. Do symulacji FDS zastosowano dwa warianty, pierwszy z jednym źródłem ognia (fotelem) i bez uwzględnienia wiatru oraz drugi z dwoma źródłami ognia (fotelem i kanapą). Ponadto, w wariancie drugim zastosowano 300-sekundowe opóźnienie drugiego źródła pożaru oraz wiejący wiatr, wynikające z obserwacji pożaru w pełnej skali. Dokładność odwzorowania temperatury za pomocą obu modeli zależy od lokalizacji punktu pomiarowego w stosunku do źródła pożaru i otworów wentylacyjnych. Odwzorowanie charakterystyki temperatury w modelu polowym FDS można znacznie poprawić przez uwzględnienie wiatru i dodatkowej powierzchni pożaru elementu, który zaczyna się palić po pewnym czasie.