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2 2025

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Quantum key distribution-as-a-service for end-to-end security in multi-orchestrated 6G networks

Lasota Mikołaj, Batalla Jordi Mongay, Sujecki Sławomir, Ahmadian Azadeh, Pajewski Łukasz, Kolenderski Piotr

Opto-Electronics Review

2025

Vol. 33, No. 3

art. no. e155875

This paper introduces quantum key distribution-as-a-service (QKDaaS) to address the end-to-end security challenges posed by the involvement of multiple orchestrators in 6G networks. These networks require seamless coordination of processes from endpoints to services, with tiered components supporting data-driven and cross-layer predictive procedures. While multi-party (spanning multiple domains, tenants, and providers) enhances local security through advanced controls, it also complicates the implementation of an end-to-end security framework that is essential for mobile network operators. To address this issue, we propose QKDaaS, a secure platform that leverages a fibre transport network for credential and encryption key distribution in multi-party environments. The solution uses wavelength multiplexing to integrate quantum and classical channels within a single fibre. Both C-band and O-band quantum channels are considered, with classical communication in the C-band. The simulation results show that with the currently available experimental setup and mobile network requirements, secure keys can be generated for distances approaching 100 km in the C-band and 60 km in the O-band case. This means that QKDaaS can be deployed in mobile network operators’ current transport infrastructures.

Q-switched Tm3+-doped multi-ring fibre laser operating at 1.96 μm

Sójka Łukasz, Pajewski Łukasz, Sujecki Sławomir, Lamrini Samir, Prorok Mateusz, Miluski Piotr, Kochanowicz Marcin, Łodziński Marek, Pisarski Wojciech A., Dorosz Dominik

Opto-Electronics Review

2025

Vol. 33, No. 4

art. no. e155905

A realisation of a Q-switched Tm³⁺-doped fibre laser operating at 1.96 μm wavelength isreported. The Tm³⁺-doped fibre was fabricated using a novel multi-ring modified chemicalvapour deposition-chelate doping technique (MCVD-CDT) technology. The developed laseremits pulses at a repetition rate of 3 kHz with an energy of 84 μJ and a duration of 272 ns,which corresponds to a peak power of 309 W. The experimental results confirm that thefabricated Tm³⁺-doped multi-ring, large mode area fibre is a promising candidate fordeveloping high-energy Q-switched lasers operating near 2 μm wavelength.