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Waste disposal sites as sources of mercury in the atmosphere in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea)

Falkowska L., Witkowska A., Bełdowska M., Lewandowska A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 1

99-109

EN

Elemental mercury re-emission into the air from an old burial ground in Gdańsk Letnica and from a modern landfill in Gdańsk Szadółki resulted in noticeably increased TGM concentrations from the urban background level of 1.9 ng m-3 to a maximum value of 164.4 ng m-3. Hgtot concentrations in the soil of the burial ground ranged from 37.3 to 4817.3 ng g-1 and in the surrounding water: from 22.0 to 55.0 ng dm-3. The highest Hg_tot concentrations in the modern landfill (Gdańsk Szadółki) were reported for the unsorted waste: 36.1 - 972.8 ng g-1. Laboratory experiments on the re-emission of Hg(0) into the air showed that emission from soil was stimulated by solar radiation and from the water – additionally by turbulent mixing.

2

Mercury in immature and adults Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) wintering on the Gulf of Gdańsk area

Szumiło E., Szubska M., Meissner W., Bełdowska M., Falkowska L.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 3

260--267

EN

This study presents total mercury concentrations (HgT) in selected tissues and organs (blood, muscles, liver, kidneys, feathers and claws) of the herring gull (Larus argentatus) in order to assess the environmental pollution in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic. Dead, frozen birds were collected in the vicinity of Wladysławowo between December 2009 and March 2010, an exceptionally severe winter — a total of 13 specimens; 6 adults (>4 years old) and 7 immature birds (≤4 years old). Mercury concentrations in all analyzed samples exceeded the detection limit. The lowest average concentration, at a level of 0.4 μg Hg g−1 (d.w.) was observed in the muscles of adult and immature gulls while the highest, at a level of 3.3 μg Hg g−1 (d.w), was determined in the contour of immature gulls. A significant linear correlation was found between mercury concentration in the blood and the concentration in the kidneys and liver, with the coefficients of determination at R2 = 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. This indicates that blood of birds, as a mercury carrier, may reflects the concentration of mercury in tissues and internal organs of birds and, in the case of kidneys and liver, may express long-term exposure to mercury in nourishment.

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Mercury partitioning between solid and suspended phases in the southern Baltic Sea

Bełdowski J., Bełdowska M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2008

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Tom 10

123-133

PL

Rtęć dostarczana do środowiska trafia do morza, gdzie, na wskutek swojego powinowactwa do materii zawieszonej jest usuwana z kolumny wody i ulega depozycji do osadów dennych. Ze względu na gradienty gęstości występujące w Morzu Bałtyckim, rtęć związana z zawiesiną może zatrzymywać się na halo klinie lub termoklinie, gdzie na wskutek dekompozycji materii organicznej może zostać uwolniona do środowiska. Wyznaczono współczynniki podziału rtęci między fazę zawieszoną a rozpuszczoną w kolumnie wody w rejonie Ujścia Wisły, Zatoki Gdańskiej, Głębi Gdańskiej i otwartego Bałtyku Południowego. Zarówno stężenie rtęci zawieszonej jak i rozpuszczonej było powiązane z sezonem pobierania prób jak i bliskością do źródeł rtęci. Najwyższe stężenia odnotowano w ujściu Wisły, a także w próbach z obszaru Zatoki Gdańskiej pobieranych wiosną. Było to prawdopodobnie wywołane zwiększonym spływem rzecznym oraz podwyższonym, na wskutek okresu grzewczego, stężeniem rtęci atmosferycznej. Zmienność sezonowa została odnotowana także pod względem współczynników podziału. Zwiększony udział cząsteczkowej frakcji rtęci zauważono w próbach wiosennych, co zostało przypisane głównie bioakumulacji rtęci przez fitoplankton. Równowaga między rozpuszczoną a cząsteczkową formą rtęci zmieniała się w profilu pionowym w kolumnie wody. Współczynnik podziału między frakcję rozpuszczoną a cząsteczkową wydaje się być funkcją dekompozycji materii organicznej i prędkości opadania zawiesiny. Dłuższy czas rezydencji zawiesiny w obszarach anomalii gęstościowych (halo- i termokliny) związany jest z dekompozycją zawartej w zawiesinie materii organicznej i uwalnianiem rtęci do wody. Jednakże równoległy proces resorpcji prowadzi do kształtowania się specyficznej równowagi w obszarze klin jesienią, co skutkuje wyższymi niż w kolumnie wody stężeniami rtęci w zawiesinie, zaś proces przechodzenia rtęci do fazy rozpuszczonej dominuje w głębszych warstwach wody, co najprawdopodobniej jest skutkiem warunków redukcyjnych panujących poniżej halokliny. Dystrybucja rtęci jest funkcją rozkładu materii organicznej i prędkości sedymentacji cząstek stałych, prawdopodobnie również wpływ mają warunki tlenowe poniżej halokliny oraz interakcja między wodą i osadem. Dłuższy czas przebywania rtęci w obszarach anomalii gęstościowych powoduje wzrost zawartości rtęci cząsteczkowej w materii zawieszonej, niezależnie od stężenia materii zawieszonej w kolumnie wody

4

The role of air masses on iron concentrations in wet atmospheric deposition over the urbanized coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Falkowska L., Lewandowska A., Sikorowicz G., Bełdowska M., Madeja J.H.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2008

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Vol. 37, No.2

21-37

EN

This paper describes the role of air masses in transporting iron to the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk. Fe(II) concentrations in rainfall were measured between 19th January and 30th November 2005 in Gdynia, during which time they varied from 0.74 žmol dm-3 to 97.45 žmol dm-3. The relationship between iron concentrations and precipitation amount, including during preceding rainless periods, was calculated. The effectiveness of washing iron out of the atmosphere is described by the exponential function of precipitation duration. Air masses arriving from west of the area transport terrigenous iron to the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk, while anthropogenic sources in Western Europe and Pomerania hardly affected the iron concentrations.

5

Total gaseous mercury in the area of southern Baltic and in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk during spring and autumn

Bełdowska M., Zawalich K., Falkowska L., Siudek P., Magulski R.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 34, nr 4

139-144

EN

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentration was measured over the offshore waters of the Gdańsk Deep during spring and autumn in the years 1999-2006. The results obtained were compared with TGM concentrations recorded at the same time in the air of the coastal zone of Gdynia and Sopot. Both offshore and in coastal zone, higher Hg(g) concentrations were measured in autumn than in spring. When analyzing mean Hg(g) concentrations in subsequent hours of the day, solar radiation effect on mercury level in the air was evident. Mercury levels in the air seemed to be controlled also by the presence of dissolved organic matter in the seawater, which is responsible for mercury complexation and for algae detoxification processes.

PL

Stężenie całkowitej gazowej rtęci (TGM) w powietrzu mierzono nad otwartym morzem w rejonie Głębi Gdańskiej wiosną i jesienią w latach 1999-2006. Wyniki porównano ze stężeniami TGM rejestrowanymi w tym samym czasie w strefie brzegowej nad Gdynią i Sopotem. Zarówno z dala od lądu, jak i w powietrzu strefy brzegowej Zatoki Gdańskiej zmierzone stężenia Hg(g) były wyższe wiosną niż jesienią. Analizując średnie stężenia Hg (g) w poszczególnych godzinach doby, nad Głębią Gdańską i na stacjach brzegowych zaobserwowano wyraźny wpływ natężenia radiacji słonecznej na poziom stężenia rtęci w powietrzu. Oprócz natężenia radiacji słonecznej ważnym czynnikiem, wpływającym na stężenie rtęci, była prawdopodobnie rozpuszczona materia organiczna, z którą należy łączyć kompleksowanie rtęci i detoksyfikację glonów.

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Chosen anions and cations in the precipitation over the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Siudek P., Falkowska L., Lewandowska A., Pryputniewicz D., Bełdowska M., Gic P.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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Vol. 35, No.1

39-53

EN

The study of the chemical composition of precipitation was carried out from November 2002 till October 2003, in the urbanized area of the Gulf of Gdańsk. About 88% of the collected samples showed acid value, and the average pH was 5.14. The highest acid values were found in summer when sulfates were the dominant ions. The highest concentrations of nitrates were noted between autumn and spring, and the precipitation pH was less acidic than in summer. The coastal station at the Gulf of Gdańsk was characterized by more effective neutralization of precipitation in the heating season as compared to the other urbanized areas. It was found that the neutralization process in the coastal zone was much more intense due to the sea salt particle presence in aerosols rather than in gaseous ammonia. The most intensive neutralization of precipitation was observed between late autumn and spring. In May, when offshore winds dominated, the values of neutralization coefficient (NF) for Na+ and NH_4+ were 1.3 and 0.2, respectively. It was evidenced that the specific combination of meteorological parameters (velocity and direction of wind, humidity and temperature of air) had a significant influence on the chemical composition of precipitation.

7

Airborne trace metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn) of the coastal region, Gulf of Gdańsk

Bełdowska M., Falkowska L., Lewandowska A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2006

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Vol. 35, No.2

159-169

EN

Concentrations of gaseous mercury and trace metals in aerosols (Hg ,Cd ,Pb, Zn) were measured at the Hel station during the summer season. Additionally, concentrations of Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Se, Rb, and Cu in aerosols were measured, as well as macroelement concentrations in aerosols and nitrogen compounds in the air. These results were then compared with results collected at the same time at coastal stations located in the southern Baltic: Preila, Hoburg and Kap Arkona. Observed concentrations of mercury, zinc, cadmium and lead in aerosols in the air of the coastal region of the Gulf of Gdańsk were much higher than those measured in the same season in a different region of the Southern Baltic Sea. They also were characterized by the highest standard deviation. Based on principal component analysis, three air masses were separated, which bear metals from marine, terrigenous and anthropogenic sources.

8

Influence of building activities and high-temperature processes on the concentration of gaseous mercury in air

Bełdowska M., Falkowska L., Siudek P., Otremba M.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 32, nr 3

31-38

EN

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentration in the air has been recorded continuously by means of an automated gaseous mercury analyzer GARDIS 3. In winter, when the reemission of gases from land and sea is restricted, the concentration of TGM increases several times as a result of building activities, such as: ground works, foundation building, and road asphalting. A similar increase in the TGM concentration has been observed in air masses flowing over exhaust fume emitters. The phenomena observed can affect the health of the inhabitants of Gdynia, workers and tourists, as the respiratory system is the main route for mercury to enter a human organism.

PL

Pomiary stężenia całkowitej gazowej rtęci (TGM) w powietrzu prowadzono w Gdyni z zastosowaniem automatycznego analizatora rtęci gazowej GARDIS 3. Zimą, gdy procesy reemsji gazów z powierzchni lądu i wody są ograniczone, obserwowano kilkukrotny wzrost stężenia TGM podczas prowadzonych działań remontowych i budowlanych takich jak: wykopy, powstawanie fundamentów, smołowanie, wylewanie asfaltu. Zmierzono również kilkunastokrotnie wyższe stężenie Hg(g) w masach powietrza przemieszczających się nad emiterami spalin. Ma to duże znaczenie zarówno dla pracowników, mieszkańców, jak i turystów, gdyż układ oddechowy jest główną i bezpośrednią drogą wnikania rtęci do organizmu człowieka.

9

Ammonia and ammonium over the southern Baltic Sea. Part 2. The origin of ammonia and ammonium over two coastal stations : Gdynia and Hel

Lewandowska A., Falkowska L., Bełdowska M.

Oceanologia

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2004

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No. 46 (2)

185-200

EN

Ammonia concentrations in aerosols and ammonium concentrations in the air were measured in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. The main study area was the Hel Peninsula, where measurements were carried out from December 1997 to March 1998. There was a second such area in Gdynia, where the first measurement period extended from May to December 2000, and the second one lasted from February to May 2001. At the same time, chloride, sulphate and sodium concentrations in the aerosols were determined; meteorological parameters were also measured. Aerosol samples were collected with a filter pack, and the gaseous phase species were collected on denuders. At both stations, the ammonium concentration in aerosols was at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the ammonia in the air samples. It was found that the marine boundary layer always contained ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate. The presence of ammonium nitrate was detected only when winds were slight and was attributed to local anthropogenic sources. The ammonia concentration related to nitrate increased with rising air humidity and a falling temperature. The contribution of marigenic ions in aerosols was noted at onshore wind of speeds >3.5 m s-1. In winter as in summer, conditions occurred facilitating light backscattering by a "wet" aerosol, which contained ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in proportions of 2.5:1 and 1:1.

10

Total gaseous mercury over the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Bełdowska M., Falkowska L., Marks R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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Vol. 32, No. 3

3-18

EN

Measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM) were carried out in the Polish coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk from Hel, situated at the end the tip of the Hel Peninsula, to Piaski in the Vistula Pit. The results were recorded in the atmosphere 150 cm above the ground using an automatic analyzer Gardis 1A in March, April and May 1999. The mercury concentration over the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk did not exceed maximum permissible levels and were at levels similar to those in other maritime regions of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. The average concentration of mercury was 3.4 ng m-3. Increased TGM concentrations of approximately 8.2 ng m-3 occurred locally near the sewage treatment facility in Sztutowo, on the tip of the Hel Peninsula and in the Tri-Cities near the industrial areas of shipyards and the harbor. No increased concentrations of gaseous mercury were registered in the vicinity of the heat and power plant or the refinery as chimneys release fumes at high altitudes. What is more, the mercury concentrations recorded in the forests of the Vistula Lagoon and the Hel Pit were nine times lower than the average concentration. Laboratory experiments carried out on samples of sea water from three coastal measurement stations proved that mixing in the sea surf zone influences the emission of mercury from the water into the atmosphere. The emission of gaseous mercury from the surface waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk was higher in March when the life processes in the water were still slow and bioaccumulation was very limited.