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Concept of a landscape map according to Professor Franciszek Uhorczak

Meksuła M. W., Grzechnik L.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2016

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Vol. 48, No. 3

129--140

EN

In the article, the concept of landscape maps by Franciszek Uhorczak (1902-1981), Professor of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, was discussed. The maps constitute a cartographic illustration of volume III, IV and V of “Universal Geography” edited by Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (the National Scientific Publishing House) (Warsaw 1965-1967) - the first Polish small-scale landscape maps of the world. From the perspective of the 50s, an attempt was undertaken to assess the editorial assumptions, landscape typology and selection of cartographic means used by the author, paying special attention to the selection of colours representing landscapes. Also, issues raising controversies related to the degree of generalization of particular elements of the content, typology of landscapes as well as map details were indicated. The performed analysis leads to the conclusion that landscape maps by Professor F. Uhorczak constituted one of the most significant achievements of Polish thematic cartography of the 20th century, and they are an unequaled model also for the contemporary cartographers.

2

Lokalizacja sacrum w krajobrazie – przypadek czy prawidłowość?

Łucjan K., Meksuła M. W.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2012

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nr 17

69--77

PL

Sfera sacrum może manifestować się w krajobrazie na wiele sposobów. Pewne elementy przestrzeni geograficznej częściej niż inne otaczane są czcią (np. wzniesienia, groty, źródła, rzeki czy gaje). Ich wyjątkowość jest niejednokrotnie podkreślana poprzez wznoszenie monumentalnych budowli. Zastanawiający jest fakt, że pewne miejsca są niezmiennie uznawane za święte niezależnie od panującej w danym czasie religii. Czy jest zatem możliwe wskazanie czynnika lub zespołu elementów warunkujących rozmieszczenie sacrum w krajobrazie? Istnieją przesłanki sugerujące, że odpowiedzi na to pytanie potrafi udzielić radiestezja.

EN

The sphere of the sacred can manifest itself in the landscape in many ways. Certain elements of geographical space, such as hills, caves, springs, rivers and groves, are worshipped more often than others. Their uniqueness is often emphasized by erecting monumental buildings. It is very curious that some places are invariably considered sacred, regardless of the dominant religion at that particular time. Is it therefore possible to identify the factor or group of elements determining the location of the sacred in the landscape? There is evidence suggesting that the answer to this question can be provided by radiesthesia.

3

Współczesne mapy topograficzne w skali 1:25 000 wybranych państw europejskich

Meksuła M. W., Tomasiak A.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2010

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T. 42, nr 4

321-330

PL

Artykuł jest próbą wskazania różnic i podobieństw między mapami topograficznymi w skali 1:25 000 różnych krajów Europy. Analizie poddano mapy: belgijską, czeską, francuską, hiszpańską, holenderską, niemiecką, szwajcarską oraz włoską. Porównanie osnowy matematycznej, sposobów przedstawiania rzeźby terenu, prezentacji sieci wodnej, osadniczej i komunikacyjnej oraz pokrycia terenu uwidoczniło znaczne różnice między koncepcjami wydawanych współcześnie map topograficznych. Głównymi przyczynami zróżnicowania map wydają się być odmienne cechy środowiska geograficznego oraz różnice tradycji kartograficznych poszczególnych krajów.

EN

The first civilian topographic map in 1:25 000 published in Poland after WW II became, despite its short-comings, a basis for numerous thematic maps. It was reedited and used until the end of 1980-ies. Currently civilian topographic maps are available only in 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 (maps in '1992' coordinate system). Lack of a contemporary map in 1:25 000 makes it impossible to create thematic presentations comparable to the ones of the past, and makes it difficult to conduct field research. A new map in 1:25 000 should relate in its concept to the topographic maps in 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 mentioned above, and at the same time continue the best traditions of Polish cartography. It should also present a level similar to that of other European publications of the type. The article analyzes topographic maps in 1:25 000 currently published in Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. The comparison shows that there are significant differences between them, visible even at the stage of analysis of their mathematical base. Various ellipsoids, systems of reference and cartographic projections are used, while altitudes are related to various sea levels. Maps also have different density of topographic grid and various ways of describing it. On all maps land relief is presented with contour lines, but with various contour intervals. Only some of the maps used hill shading. Also land cover differs (number of categories). Three approaches to the presentation of settlements can be distinguished. The first one is presentation of single buildings, the second - presentation of built-up areas, with the third being a combination of the first two. Significant differences appear in the presentation of functions of buildings and built-up areas (color, signatures, notes, lettering). Differences between maps are also visible in the presentation of surface waters and transportation infrastructure (roads, rail-roads). These result from different classification criteria. Graphic differences between analyzed maps are also well visible in the form of a variety of signatures and different color scales of print. The reason for such significant differences between European topographic maps in the scale of 1:25 000 results not only from different types of geographic environment, but mostly from different cartographic traditions of particular countries. Lack of common European standards of topographic map edition will probably make the concept of the future Polish map in 1:25 000 resemble the concepts of the topographic maps in 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 currently available in Poland.

4

Kartograficzne sposoby prezentowania dynamiki zjawisk

Meksuła M.W.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2001

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T. 33, nr 4

329-338

PL

Artykuł jest próbą kartograficznego spojrzenia na zjawiska zmienne w czasie. Autor prezentuje podział dynamiki w ujęciu kartograficznym oraz daje przegląd sposobów jej przedstawiania na pomocą tradycyjnych map statystycznych. Omówiono także zalety i wady poszczególnych sposobów prezentowania zmian ma mapach.

EN

Presentation of dynamic phenomena on maps is one of the more difficult cartographic tasks, because it has to consider an additional factor, which is time. As a result the autor has to limit four-dimensional time-space into two dimentions. From a cartographic point of view, the dynamics of phenomena can be divided into three main types. The first type deals with movement of objects, e.g. transport of goods, human migrations, changing range of crops, etc. Insuch cases we speak of dynamics of position or movement. The second type we observe when the change concerns only quantity, or character of a given phenomenon, without altering its position. For example the decrease of factory's output, increase of population or degradation of soil fall into that category. In such cases we speak of the dynamics of state, or the dynamics of development. Dynamic phenomena can also fall into a third category; a complex from combining dynamics of position with dynamics of state. Each of the above types needs a different cartographic method of presentation. It is relatively easiest to show the dynamics of position, becouse graphic symbols depicting the object in time are located in different places. Presentation of the dynamics of state is more difficult. Cartographic methods of presentation can be divided into two main types: direct and indirect presentations. Direct presentation can be used only if a cinematographic or computer technique is applied for the creation of films or cartographic animations. Indirect (static) presentations of dynamics can take the form of map series, multi-phase maps, balance maps and synthetic maps of types (Fig. 1), Series are a combination of many maps presenting the same phenomenon in various points in time (Fig. 2). With map series the evaluation of changes can only be done mentally, in the mind of the reader. This asks for a lot of practice and good perception. Therefore any conclusions resultat from the analysiss of map series are usually subjective. Multi-phase maps make the change analysis much easier and more objective (Fig. 3). There are, however, many problems in the process of their elaboration. The main difficulty lies in a high level of generalization, which is necessary for presentation of data concerning several, often more than ten time levels. Unlike map series and multi-phase maps, balance maps do not present movement or development, but only the results of changes (Fig. 4). It is achieved through limiting the number of time levels to two: the initial and the final. Balance maps are relatively the easiest way to present dynamics, because their preparation and perception is similar to typical maps, which show static picture of phenomena. The only difference is on the level of symbols used in the preparation. Maps of types are a different method of dynamics' presentation (Fig. 5). They make it possible to present both changes and their results, taking into account many time levels. Their graphic form is usually clear, but because of complex definitions of specific types of dynamics they are often very difficult to analyze. Presentation of dynamic phenomena on maps is still one of the underdeveloped domains in cartography, although there is major, and growing demand for it.