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Evaluating carbon emission efficiencies in European Union transport: pre and post pandemic analysis

İpekçi Emre, Tanyaş Mehmet, Toygar Arda

LogForum

2025

Vol. 21, no 2

287--302

Background: Reducing carbon emissions has become a strategic priority for sustainable logistics and supply chain management in the European Union (EU). The European Green Deal promotes decarbonization initiatives across key sectors, including transportation. This study evaluates the carbon emission efficiency of 25 EU countries across four transport modes-road, rail, air, and sea-before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, offering insights into sustainable transport and logistics performance. Methods: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied to assess the efficiency of energy use and employment inputs for each mode of transport mode. Inputs included rail and road lengths, as well as the number of trucks, while outputs comprised emission values, passenger numbers, freight volume, and port cargo throughput for maritime transport. Efficiency scores were calculated using both constant and variable returns-to-scale models to provide a comparative analysis across transport types. Results: The results reveal significant shifts in carbon emission efficiency between the pre- and post-EU pandemic periods. In road transport, three countries maintained efficiency, four lost efficiency, and four improved. Rail transport was relatively stable, with eight countries maintaining their scores but three declining. Air transport remained the least efficient, with only three countries maintaining efficiency post-pandemic. Maritime transport showed limited progress, with two countries consistently efficient and seven improving under select some models. These findings underscore the need for intermodal logistics strategies, investments in low-carbon technologies, and greater integration between modes to enhance EU carbon efficiency. Conclusions: Efficiency outcomes varied before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating opportunities for countries to transform transportation systems to meet sustainability goals. The study provided valuable direction for policymakers and industry stakeholders in shaping post-pandemic strategies aligned with decarbonization goals.