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Assessment of the Impact of Military Actions on the Soil Cover at the Explosion Site by the Nemerov Method and the Pearson Coefficient Case Study of the City of Lviv

Petrushka Kateryna, Petrushka Ihor, Yukhman Yaryna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2023

Vol. 24, nr 10

77--85

The military actions of the Russian Federation’s aggression in Ukraine cause irreparable damage to the soil cover, realizing that its natural restoration will take decades. However, missile attacks on residential areas bring no less damage and trouble to Ukraine. The main goal of the conducted research was to determine the content of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in the soil at the site of the explosion and on its surface. Soil sampling was carried out at the explosion sites of the city of Lviv using the method of concentric circles. The soil research area is 30–50 m² (depending on the type of cruise missile), which allows assessing the distribution of PTE relative to the depth of the crater and on its surface. The soil samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence analyzer Expert-3L. The main studied elements were Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The pollution index (Pi) was estimated using the Nemerov method. The degree of soil pollution was assessed by the ecological risk factor (Er), and the potential ecological risk index (Ri). Using the Pearson correlation index (PCI), their number and the possibility of distribution of heavy metals (HM) in the soil were determined. Similarity between levels of heavy metal concentrations was determined using cluster analysis (CA). The values of the environmental risk index of each element based on the Nemerov index show a very high level of pollution (Ps=48.64), exceeding the permissible value of Ps>3 by 15 times. The highest environmental risk factor (Er) is created by cadmium (Cd). The investigated elements concerning the environmental risk factor can be arranged in the following sequence: Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Zn>Cr>Ti. Considering the minimum values of potential environmental risk (RI), only two elements have a low coefficient of potential environmental risk (RI<40)—titanium and chromium. All other investigated elements have significant and very high environmental risk potential.