Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Integration of capacitors with carbon-lignin based electrodes in rail vehicles for enhanced energy efficiency

Kurc Beata, Woźniak Krystian, Rymaniak Łukasz, Szymlet Natalia

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2023

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Nr 3-4

33--39

EN

The article presents considerations regarding the possibility of recovering braking energy of a rail vehicle. The energy parameters obtained during acceleration and braking of the loaded railbus were taken as input data. It was found that over 13 kWh of energy was lost irretrievably in the braking resistors. Due to the speed of the discussed process, capacitors with an original design were proposed for energy recovery. For the purposes of this study, electrodes were fabricated using carbon derived from lignin carbonization at two distinct temperatures: 900°C and 1000°C. Based on the electrochemical tests carried out, it was found that the second proposed solution achieves a significantly better power-to-weight ratio – 13 kW/kg.

2

Use of Toxicity Indexes in Reference to Carbon Dioxide for a Vehicle Equipped with a Two-Stroke Engine without an Exhaust Aftertreatment System

Rymaniak Łukasz, Ziętara Bartosz, Szymlet Natalia, Kołodziejek Daniel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

228--236

EN

Research work on the new assessment of environmental indicators using equipment from the PEMS group (Portable Emission Measurement Systems) with motor vehicles is being developed. Due to the miniaturization of equipment, there are new measurement possibilities for more and more numerous groups of vehicles, including two-wheelers. The article presents the research and a summary of the results of a moped equipped with a two-stroke engine, approved in accordance with the Euro 3 standard. The research object is mainly used for driving in urban traffic. Therefore, the research route was created as the first communication frame in the Poznań agglomeration. In the analysis of the results, the author’s M toxicity index was proposed, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emission is a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The equipment from the PEMS-AxionR/S+ group, characterized by small dimensions and low weight, was used to determine the actual motion parameters and the emission of toxic compounds. In the analysis of the measurement results, dimensionless indicators of toxicity M of gaseous compounds were determined and a comparative analysis was made with the values of other objects obtained in the course of previous research (motorcycle, passenger car, off-road vehicle, hybrid bus and agricultural tractor). Due to the engine design (two-stroke type), the worst environmental indicators were obtained for CO and HC compared to other tested vehicles.

3

Measurement of Exhaust Emissions from a Two-Wheeler – an Experimental Validation of the Remote-Sensing Method

Rymaniak Łukasz, Mąka Monika, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Kęska Aleksandra

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

60--71

EN

The paper presents the problem of testing vehicles, which are some of the main sources of air pollution. The authors suggested the remote-sensing method as a tool for the measurement of the vehicle exhaust emissions and an on-going control thereof. This is an economical solution that allows measuring a large number of vehicles in a short time. The presented work aims at an experimental validation of the measurement method of exhaust emissions on the example of a two-wheeler. To that end, two parallel laboratory tests were carried out: measurement of the exhaust emissions obtained directly from the tailpipe using the PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) equipment and from the exhaust cloud, utilizing a module emission gate. A significant mutual correlation of the results confirms the efficiency of the method. The highest value of the coefficient of determination was obtained for the CO2, PM and NO analyzers. Different orders of values were primarily caused by the dissipation of the exhaust gas and the influence of the ambient conditions on the measurement process. Further works are therefore necessary to allow an assessment of the actual measurement uncertainty of the equipment irrespective ofthe fueling system and type of vehicles.

4

Measurement of rail vehicles exhaust emissions

Kamińska Michalina, Kołodziejek Daniel, Szymlet Natalia, Fuć Paweł, Grzeszczyk Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

10--17

EN

The basic problem in terms of measuring exhaust emissions is the approval tests of traction vehicles, which are carried out on engine dynamometers. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain reliable results concerning their actual impact on the natural environment. It is therefore advisable to carry out the tests in real operation conditions, as is the case for road vehicles for which RDE (Real Driving Emissions) tests are carried out. The latest Stage V emission standards push for the introduction of this type of test, but no limit values for toxic exhaust gases have been established and no test guidelines have been defined for assessing actual emissions. This article describes the issues related to the legislative guidelines for non-road vehicles in force in Europe, as well as the measurement tools used, such as mobile equipment for measuring emissions of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) and newly developed emission gates. Additionally, the paper presents examples of locomotive exhaust emission tests in real operating conditions. The aim of the measurements was to assess the emission of toxic compounds against the relevant standards. The subject of the research was a diesel locomotive type T448.P equipped with a modernized internal combustion engine.

5

Determining if Exhaust Emission From Light Duty Vehicle During Acceleration on The Basis of On-Road Measurements and Simulations

Nowak Mateusz, Kamińska Michalina, Szymlet Natalia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

63--72

EN

Vehicle exhaust emissions depend on multiple factors, such as the emission norm, driving parameters (speed, acceleration) or the technical condition of the vehicle. These driving parameters may often depend on the condition of the road infrastructure and other factors influencing road conditions. The article attempted to assess the emissivity during acceleration of a vehicle powered by a compression ignition engine. Mapping the actual values is possible with the use of exhaust emission measurement equipment that operates under the actual operating conditions of a vehicle. Recently, an increase in the use of simulation methods in research of this type has been observed. The authors decided to check the suitability of using road traffic simulation software to estimate the CO2 emissions during vehicle acceleration. The obtained results are promising, because in terms of the emissions of the analyzed exhaust gas component, the simulation results differed from the results obtained during measurements with the use of Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) equipment by less than ±20%.

6

Use of emission indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an agricultural tractor

Rymaniak Łukasz, Merkisz Jerzy, Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Weymann Sylwester

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

605--611

EN

The paper presents the proposed proprietary M exhaust emission indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The measurements were performed using a farm tractor meeting the Tier 3 emission norm, operated in real conditions during plowing work. The tests were carried out for a given land section at three speeds In the analysis of test results, the net engine work was used, as it is carried out in the type approval procedures. When measuring in real operating conditions, the torque read from the OBD system is overstated because it takes into account the engine’s internal resistance. In the analysis of test results, the fuel consumption, emission indicators of gaseous compounds and particulates were determined, and the best conditions for conducting agricultural works were indicated in terms of their impact on the natural environment. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of determining the emission index for an off-road vehicle and a comparative analysis of its values for various operating parameters of a farm tractor. On this basis, it was found that the lowest values of the M identity were recorded for the test characterized by a vehicle speed of 15 km/h.

7

Use of toxicity indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an two-wheel vehicle

Szymlet Natalia, Kamińska Michalina, Lijewski Piotr, Rymaniak Łukasz, Tutak Przemysław

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 4

36--41

EN

The subject of the article is proposed proprietary M toxicity indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. For this purpose, gaseous exhaust compounds such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were measured and analyzed. The test object was a motorcycle, equipped with an gasoline engine with a displacement of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW. The tests were carried out using the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) AxionR/S+. The exhaust emissions measurement was done in line with the WMTC (World Motorcycles Test Cycle) certification test, dedicated to vehicles in this category. The test consists of three parts, each of them lasts 600 s and has a different maximum speed value. The test was performed on a single-roller chassis dynamometer, designed for testing two-wheeled vehicles. The toxicity indicators and rotation speed results were presented as a function of time.

8

Impact of using a filter in a direct gasoline injection engine exhaust system on the emitted particle mass and numer

Fuć Paweł, Lijewski Piotr, Sokolnicka Barbara, Szymlet Natalia, Siedlecki Maciej, Dębowski Tomasz

Journal of KONBiN

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2020

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Vol. 50, iss. 1

61--76

EN

The article presents emission test results comparison carried out on a dynamic engine dynamometer. Parameters were recorded during a drive made in accordance with the requirements of the RDE. Test bench allowed to determine the particle mass and number emission in the repetitive engine operation conditions. One of three used elements wan an OEM solution from one of particulate filters producers, the other was intended for use in original systems, the third was a custom product. The highest efficiency of particulate filtration was demonstrated by the last filter, which was adapted to the engine.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono porównanie wyników badań przeprowadzonych na dynamicznej hamowni silnikowej. Parametry zarejestrowano podczas przejazdu zgodnego z wymaganiami procedury RDE (Real Driving Emissions). Wykorzystanie stanowiska badawczego umożliwiło określenie emisji masy i liczby cząstek stałych w powtarzalnych warunkach eksploatacji. Do badań wykorzystano trzy elementy, z czego jeden stanowił rozwiązanie OEM, drugi również przeznaczony był do wykorzystania w oryginalnych układach, trzeci stanowił produkt własny. Największą skuteczność filtracji wykazał filtr ostatni, który dostosowany został do specyfiki i warunków pracy silnika.

9

Road Tests of a Two-Wheeled Vehicle with the Use of Various Urban Road Infrastructure Solutions

Szymlet Natalia, Lijewski Piotr, Kurc Beata

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 7

152--159

EN

Road traffic is a common phenomenon in cities, and all urban road users suffer its negative effects. Therefore, the subject of this article is a comparative analysis of the exhaust emissions of toxic compounds and the operating parameters of two-wheeled vehicles measured under real operating conditions. The comparison applies to two drive cycles: in the first, the vehicle was travelling in standard city traffic (without using the bus lanes), while in the second, the vehicle travelled on bus lanes, whenever those were available. Such analysis made it possible to evaluate the ecological usefulness of bus lanes by assessing the exhaust emissions and the travel time of the test vehicle. For this purpose, an analysis of the exhaust emission values in time was performed for gaseous compounds (HC, CO, CO2, NOx) from a scooter equipped with a 125 cm3 displacement engine with a maximum power of 9 kW. The tests were carried out under real operating conditions in the city of Poznań. The route has been chosen so that it consisted of roads with a number of bus lanes. AXIONR/S+ mobile apparatus belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group was used in the research. The device is one of the most modern measuring instruments, where the entire device is a suitcase weighing only 18 kg containing two analyzers for measuring the concentrations of both gaseous and solid exhaust components.

10

Influence of the Particulate Filter Use in the Spark Ignition Engine Vehicle on the Exhaust Emission in Real Driving Emission Test

Siedlecki Maciej, Szymlet Natalia, Sokolnicka Barbara

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 1

120--127

EN

The introduction of new exhaust emissions norms for motor vehicles forces manufacturers to rely on th new technologies of exhaust gas aftertreatment and emission reduction. The past studies by the authors demonstrated a significant emission of nanoparticles from the gasoline engines with direct fuel injection, especially dangerous for the human health and life. The latest solution is a particulate filter designed for spark ignition engines, introduced in parallel with a norm limiting their number emission. The research conducted within the article concerned testing its effectiveness by measuring the vehicle equipped with and without the filter under real driving conditions. The drive cycle was made in accordance with the requirements of the RDE (Real Driving Emission) standard using PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) equipment. The values of harmful gaseous components and solid particles were measured in terms of mass and number. The comparison of emission results indicated a significant efficiency of the filter in terms of particle weight and number reduction. The dimensional distribution of particle diameters were also analyzed, which changed as a result of the filter. The authors believe that the filter efficiency is the result of much higher temperatures of exhaust gases than in the case of diesel engines, which causes the incineration.

11

Analysis of Research Method, Results and Regulations Regarding the Exhaust Emissions from Two-Wheeled Vehicles under Actual Operating Conditions

Szymlet Natalia, Lijewski Piotr, Sokolnicka Barbara, Siedlecki Maciej, Domowicz Andrzej

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 1

128--139

EN

The subject of this article was the analysis of the current state of legislation regarding the exhaust emissions from two-wheeled vehicles. The regulations and emission limits were analyzed and compared for different areas of the world. Moreover, the review of the legal provisions includes an individual approach to specific categories of two-wheeled vehicles. The study also describes the research and exhaust emission measurement methods from mopeds and motorcycles both under laboratory conditions and in actual operation. The methods were evaluated in the aspect of future emission requirements and trends. In addition, the results of emissivity measurements under actual operating conditions obtained in the Poznań agglomeration with the use of motorcycle units were discussed and analyzed. The values of road emissions of all toxic compounds limited by legislators were compared with emission standards.

12

The impact of particulate filter substrate type on the gaseous exhaust components emission

Sokolnicka-Popis Barbara, Szymlet Natalia, Siedlecki Maciej, Gallas Dawid

Combustion Engines

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2020

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R. 59, nr 4

58--62

EN

The article presents ceramic and metal substrate filtration efficiency in the particulate filter of a spark-ignition engine with direct fuel injection. Gaseous exhaust components were taken into account. There are many publications on the solid particles mass and number reduction, so the authors examined the effect of catalytic carriers on gaseous compounds, such as CO, NOx, THC, whose content also poses a threat to human health and life, and this issue is not often described in the literature dedicated to measurements of modern internal combustion engines. During the tests, the length and carrier material effect on the emission of harmful substances in exhaust gases was determined.

13

Analysis of exhaust emission measurements in rural conditions from heavy-duty vehicle

Ziółkowski Andrzej, Fuć Paweł, Lijewski Piotr, Rymaniak Łukasz, Daszkiewicz Paweł, Kamińska Michalina, Szymlet Natalia, Jagielski Aleks

Combustion Engines

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2020

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R. 59, nr 3

54--58

EN

Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.

14

Impact of Choosing the Engine Operating Points on the Exhaust System Temperature on an Engine Dynamometer

Siedlecki Maciej, Gallas Dawid, Sokolnicka Barbara, Szymlet Natalia

Journal of Mechanical and Transport Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 71, No 2

25--32

EN

The constructions of today's of internal combustion engines used in PC category vehicles require the use of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems in order to meet the emission standards. The oxidation or reduction reaction processes of toxic compounds in the system is directly related to the temperature of the medium and determines the operating efficiency. The temperature value is of particular importance in the spark-ignition engine, in which the variations due to the quantitative regulation of the fuel-air mixture are greater. The temperatures obtained may be low especially in urban conditions, due to road congestion, in which the engine operates at idle generating exhaust gas at low temperature. The article presents exhaust system temperature tests of a modem SI engine depending on the operating point in a simulated real drive cycle through the Poznań agglomeration, previously recorded during tests in accordance with the RDE procedure. The temperature measurement was carried out upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter, as well as at the location corresponding to the end point of the vehicle exhaust system. The obtained results have been compared to maximum temperature of exhaust sample for PEMS analyzers.

PL

Konstrukcje dzisiejszych silników spalinowych stosowanych w samochodach kategorii PC wymagają zastosowania układów oczyszczania spalin w celu spełnienia norm ich emisji. Procesy reakcji utleniania lub redukcji toksycznych związków w układzie wylotowym są bezpośrednio związane z jego temperaturą i determinują możliwość ich realizacji. Wartość temperatury spalin ma szczególne znaczenie w silniku o zapłonie iskrowym, w którym zmiany wynikające z ilościowej regulacji mieszanki paliwowo-powietrznej są większe niż w silniku Diesla. Uzyskana temperatura układów oczyszczania spalin może być zbyt niska, szczególnie w warunkach miejskich, z powodu kongestii, w których silnik pracuje na biegu jałowym, bądź jest wyłączany przez system start-stop. W artykule przedstawiono badania temperatury układu wylotowego nowoczesnego silnika SI w zależności od punktu pracy w symulowanym rzeczywistym cyklu jazdy przez aglomerację poznańską, uprzednio zarejestrowanym podczas badań zgodnie z procedurą RDE. Pomiary temperatury przeprowadzono przed i za reaktorem katalitycznym, a także w miejscu odpowiadającym punktowi końcowemu układu wydechowego pojazdu. Uzyskane wyniki porównano z maksymalną temperaturą próbki spalin dla stosowanych analizatorów PEMS.

15

Risk assessment for flight in uncontrolled airspace under Visual Flight Rules

Galant Marta, Sokolnicka Barbara, Szymlet Natalia, Merkisz Jerzy

Journal of KONBiN

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2019

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Vol. 49, iss. 3

401--419

EN

The paper attempts to assess the risk in the area of analysis which is the flight of general aviation (GA) aircraft carried out under Visual Flights Rules in the uncontrolled airspace. The flight, selected for further analysis, is a typical air operation performed in GA. The risk assessment was carried out in accordance with the risk management algorithm. The identification of hazard sources was made using a checklist of 123 questions about their occurrence. On this base a list of 37 threats identified in the presented area of analysis was obtained. The risk assessment was carried out by the MICE-RISK method. Among the defined threats, 16 threats fall into the accepted category, 15 threats are characterized by the tolerated category, and for 6 threats the category is defined as unaccepted. A dealing with risk methods were proposed. The re-evaluation indicated that the number of threats in particular categories are: 27, 6 and 6.

PL

W pracy podjęto próbę oceny ryzyka zagrożeń w obszarze analiz, jakim jest lot samolotu lotnictwa ogólnego (GA) wykonywany zgodnie z przepisami VFR w przestrzeni niekontrolowanej. Wybrany do dalszych analiz lot jest typową operacją lotniczą wykonywaną w GA. Ocenę ryzyka przeprowadzono zgodnie z algorytmem zarządzania ryzykiem. Rozpoznania źródeł zagrożeń dokonano za pomocą listy kontrolnej zawierającej 123 pytania o ich występowanie. Na ich podstawie zdefiniowano 99 źródeł zagrożeń, a następnie 37 zagrożeń rozpoznanych w prezentowanym obszarze analiz. Ocenę ryzyka przeprowadzono metodą MICE-RISK. Wśród zdefiniowanych, 16 zagrożeń mieści się w kategorii „akceptowane”, 15 zagrożeń cechuje kategoria „tolerowane”, a 6 zagrożeń określono jako nieakceptowane. Zaproponowano postępowanie wobec ryzyka. Ponowna ocena wskazała, że liczby zagrożeń w kolejnych kategoriach wynoszą: 27, 6 oraz 6.

16

Exhaust emissions from a EURO 6c compliant PC vehicle in real operating conditions

Fuć Paweł, Siedlecki Maciej, Szymlet Natalia, Sokolnicka Barbara, Rymaniak Łukasz, Dobrzyński Michał

Journal of KONBiN

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2019

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Vol. 49, iss. 4

421--440

EN

The current EURO 6c standard has introduced a limit on the number of solid particles for spark ignition engines equal to that for compression ignition engines (6x10e11). To meet the requirements, manufacturers install particulate filters in the exhaust systems of most new engines. The article presents the results of vehicle testing with this solution during the drive carried out in accordance with the RDE procedure. The measurement results, after taking into account the Conformity Factor in relation to the approval limits, confirmed the efficiency of aftertreatment system in terms of both gas and solid components.

PL

Obecna norma EURO 6c wprowadziła limit liczby cząstek stałych dla silników z zapłonem iskrowym równy temu dla silników z zapłonem samoczynnym (6x10e11). By spełnić wymagania, producenci instalują filtry cząstek stałych w układach wylotowych większości nowych silników. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań pojazdu z tym rozwiązaniem podczas przejazdu przeprowadzonego zgodnie z procedurą RDE. Wyniki pomiarów po uwzględnieniu współczynnika Conformity Factor w stosunku do limitów homologacyjnych potwierdziły skuteczność oczyszczania spalin zarówno pod względem emisji składników gazowych, jak i cząstek stałych.

17

Harmful exhaust components and particles mass and number emission during the actual drive of a passenger car in accordance with the RDE procedure

Sokolnicka Barbara, Fuć Paweł, Szymlet Natalia, Siedlecki Maciej, Grzeszczyk Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

198--202

EN

The article presents toxic exhaust components emission measurement results as well as solid particles mass and number. The test involved a direct gasoline injection engine, in which special attention should be paid to the particulates number emission. Small diameters of nanoparticles make them particularly dangerous to human health. Nowadays, vehicle engines are constantly improved and modernized as a result of the need to meet existing exhaust gas emission standards. One of the few ways to determine the actual content of toxic and harmful compounds in the exhaust gases is the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure, the requirements of which apply from 2016 for new vehicles, and from 2019 will apply to all registered passenger cars. The RDE procedure does not replace the WLTP (World Light-Duty Vehicle Test Procedure), but complements it. The tests on the dynamometer are separated from external conditions such as traffic volume or congestion and are not a sufficient indicator of emissions in real traffic conditions.

18

Comparative analysis of exhaust emissions from passenger cars and motorcycles

Szymlet Natalia, Lijewski Piotr, Rymaniak Łukasz, Sokolnicka Barbara, Siedlecki Maciej

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 2

19--22

EN

The subject of this article is a comparative analysis of exhaust emissions for: HC (hydrocarbons), CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides) from a passenger vehicle and a motorcycle in laboratory conditions on a dynamometer station. The first vehicle category was represented by a compression-ignition engine with a displacement volume of 1.3 dm3 and a power of 66 kW. The exhaust aftertreatment system included a catalytic converter and a particulate filter. The second category was a motorcycle, equipped with an engine with a displacement of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW. The two-wheeled vehicle was equipped with a three-way catalytic converter. Speeds were modeled on the European type approval test - NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). In order to conduct a comparative analysis of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from vehicles of different categories, the obtained results were presented in the form of emissions converted into passenger-kilometers (g/pkm). The research used modern equipment belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) group of devices. The analyzes carried out enable the decision making on which vehicles have a greater environmental impact due to their exhaust emissions, taking into account the distance and the number of passengers carried.

19

Emisja masy i liczby cząstek stałych z pojazdu hybrydowego w teście RDE

Szymlet Natalia, Sokolnicka Barbara, Sieldecki Maciej, Lijewski Piotr, Nowak Mateusz

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 6

286--290

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza drogowej emisji liczby oraz masy cząstek stałych w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji z pojazdu hybrydowego. Co więcej, analizie poddano również warunki pracy badanego pojazdu oraz silnika. W tym celu wykonane zostały badania emisji cząstek stałych i parametrów eksploatacyjnych z lekkiego pojazdu samochodowego z napędem hybrydowym, wyposażonego w 104 kW silnik o objętości skokowej 1,58 dm3. Badania przeprowadzono w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu, przestrzegając procedury RDE (Real Driving Emission). Test wykonano na obszarze aglomeracji poznańskiej, trasa obejmowała drogi o różnych dopuszczalnych prędkościach. Do badań wykorzystano mobilną aparaturę, należącą do grupy PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System), w skład której wchodziły takie urządzenia jak: SEMTECH DS., AVL MSS (Micro Soot Sensor) oraz EEPS 3090 (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer). Uzyskane wyniki zostały odniesione do wartości dopuszczalnych emisji zgodnie ze standardem EURO 6.

EN

The subject of this article is the analysis of the particle number and mass road emission from a hybrid vehicle in real operating conditions. Additionally, the operating conditions of the tested vehicle and engine were also analyzed. To this end, particulate emissions and performance tests were carried out from a light hybrid vehicle, equipped with a 77 kW engine with a displacement of 1.58 dm3. The tests were conducted in real traffic conditions, following the standard RDE (Real Driving Emission) procedure. The test was performed within the Poznań agglomeration, the route included roads with different maximum speed limits. The research involved the use of mobile measuring equipment, belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) group, which included equipment such as: SEMTECH DS, AVL MSS (Micro Soot Sensor) and EEPS 3090 (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer). The results obtained have been referred to the vehicle exhaust emission limit values in accordance with the Euro 6 norm.

20

Analiza wyników symulacji różnych konfiguracji filtrów cząstek stałych w układzie wylotowym silnika o zapłonie iskrowym

Sokolnicka Barbara, Fuć Paweł, Szymlet Natalia, Siedlecki Maciej

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 6

268--273

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki symulacji przepływu gazów wylotowych przez trzy konfiguracje ceramicznego nośnika umieszczonego w układzie wylotowym silnika. Nośniki różniły się parametrami gęstości cel na całej długości filtra. Przebadano filtr o stałym parametrze CPSI (ang. Cell per Square Inch), filtr o dwóch różnych gęstościach cel oraz nośnik potrójny. Dla każdego z elementów filtra wprowadzone zostały warunki brzegowe, które określają charakter przepływu oraz definiują rodzaj powierzchni danego elementu. Określony został także skład gazów wylotowych, których przepływ jest symulowany. Warunki początkowe symulacji zawierają dane dotyczące ciśnienia, temperatury oraz prędkości przepływu. Do przeprowadzenia symulacji wykorzystano oprogramowanie AVL Fire Aftertreatment. Program stanowi wiodące narzędzie do symulacji CFD w dziedzinie silników spalinowych.

EN

The article presents the results of exhaust gas flow simulation by three configurations of a ceramic support placed in the engine exhaust system. The carriers differed in the cell density parameters along the entire length of the filter. A filter with a fixed CPSI (Cell per Square Inch) parameter, a filter with two different cell densities and a triple support were tested. For each element of the filter, boundary conditions have been introduced, which define the nature of the flow and define the type of surface of a given element. The composition of the exhaust gases whose flow is simulated was also determined. The initial conditions of the simulation include data on pressure, temperature and velocity. AVL Fire Aftertreatment was used to carry out the simulation. The program is a leading tool for CFD simulation in the field of internal combustion engines.