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1

Evaluation of the strength of glass fiber-reinforced composite posts placed in root canals in different quantitative configurations and exposed to crushing forces

Wagner L., Ponto-Wolska M., Raszewski Z., Zadrożny Ł.

Polimery

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2017

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T. 62, nr 11-12

875--880

EN

The strength of fiber glass reinforced composite (FRC) posts, inserted in root canals in different quantitative configurations and exposed to crushing forces, assuming no adhesive connection in the coronal area, was evaluated. Three systems of FRC posts and one core build-up material were used in this study. The test was performed on FRC posts in three different quantitative configurations. The posts were cemented in the root canals in 36 premolars. 21 teeth were exposed to vertical forces, while 15 teeth were exposed to forces at an angle of 45° with respect to the vertical axis. After the strength tests, each sample was analyzed in the micro computed tomography (micro-CT) in order to verify that the forces do not cause defects in the areas of the adhesive connection. The largest values of the crushing forces (over 1000 N), which caused the destruction of posts were observed in case of Ena Post used in the form of single post with the greatest diameter or composed of three posts with different diameter, as well as for triple Postec Plus posts. In the case of the force acting at the angle of 45° no statistically significant differences were observed for all post configurations. No defects were found in micro-CT images of the analyzed areas of adhesive connections. The obtained results do not confirm the concept that the use of more than one post per canal may significantly improve the clinical effectiveness of FRC posts – the differences in the values of the destructive force per one post and multiple posts were not statistically significant.

PL

Badano wytrzymałość na zgniatanie wkładów kompozytowych zawierających włókno szklane (FRC) umieszczonych w kanałach korzeniowych w różnych konfiguracjach ilościowych, przy założeniu braku połączenia adhezyjnego w obszarze koronowym. Ocenie poddano trzy systemy wkładów FRC oraz polimerowy materiał typu core build-up. Wkłady w trzech różnych wariantach ilościowych zacementowano w kanałach 36 zębów przedtrzonowych. 21 zębów poddano działaniu siły zgniatającej w kierunku pionowym, a 15 – działaniu siły pod kątem 45° w stosunku do osi pionowej. Po przeprowadzeniu testów wytrzymałościowych każdą próbkę analizowano za pomocą mikrotomografu komputerowego w celu sprawdzenia, czy połączenie adhezyjne w kanale korzeniowym zostało zerwane. Największe wartości (powyżej 1000 N) użytej siły zgniatającej, powodującej zniszczenie wkładów, odnosiły się do Ena Post stosowanego w postaci pojedynczego wkładu o największej średnicy lub złożonego z trzech o różnej średnicy oraz do Postec Plus w postaci wkładu potrójnego. W wypadku działania siły zgniatającej pod kątem 45° w stosunku do osi pionowej nie stwierdzono różnic statystycznie istotnych między wartościami średnimi tej siły w odniesieniu do wszystkich konfiguracji wkładów. Na podstawie obrazów uzyskanych w mikroobrazowej tomografii komputerowej (micro-CT) nie stwierdzono zerwania lub uszkodzenia połączenia adhezyjnego w analizowanych obszarach. Uzyskane wyniki świadczą, że zastosowanie w kanale korzeniowym więcej niż jednego kompozytowego wkładu zawierającego włókna szklane nie zwiększa w istotnym stopniu efektywności wypełnienia; różnice w wartościach siły niszczącej pojedynczy wkład i wkład wielokrotny nie były istotne statystycznie.

2

Mid-wave infrared liquid crystal shutter for breathalyzer applications

Piecek W., Jaroszewicz L., Miszczyk E., Raszewski Z., Mrukiewicz M., Kula P., Jasek K., Perkowski P., Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E., Zieliński J., Kędzierski J., Olifierczuk M., Chodorow U., Morawiak P., Mazur R., Kowiorski K., Harmata P., Herman J.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2017

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Vol. 25, No. 2

103--109

EN

There exists a problem with an in situ diagnostics of contamination of ethyl alcohol in a human being exhaled air. When ethyl alcohol in a mouth blowing (in a gaseous state) exists, the characteristic C-H stretch absorption bands in CH3 and CH2 functional groups in ethanol (CH3CH2OH) appear at a wave length of λ = 3.42 µm. To investigate the presence of ethyl alcohol in exhaled human air, the light beam of λ = 3.42 µm is passing through an air sample. If one alternately measures the intensity of the investigated beam and the reference, a percentage of ethanol in the air sample can be estimated using a sensitive nondispersive infrared (NDIR) system with a stable operating flow mass detector. To eliminate a mechanical chopper and noise generating stepper motors, a photonic chopper as a liquid crystal shutter for λ = 3.42 µm has been designed. For this purpose, an innovative infrared nematic liquid crystal mixture was intentionally prepared. The working mixture was obtained by a selective removal of C-H bonds and its exchange by heavier polar substituents, what ensures a lack of absorption band of C-H bonds. The paper presents theory, concept and final experimental results of the infrared nematic liquid crystals mixture and the liquid crystal shutter for breathalyzer applications.

3

Evaluation of bonding strength between selected polymer cements, root dentin and glass fiber reinforced composite posts

Wagner L., Ponto-Wolska M., Raszewski Z., Zadrożny Ł.

Polimery

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2016

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T. 61, nr 11-12

831--834

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the value of the breaking force of the bonding between selected polymer cements, root dentin and fiber reinforced composite (FRC) posts. Five resin based luting cements were selected for use in the study. Tests were performed on a total of 30 teeth, which were divided into two groups. Fifteen teeth were installed vertically and 15 with an angle of 45°. All samples were exposed to crushing forces in an Instron 4411 device. After the strength tests, each sample was analyzed by micro-CT (micro computed tomography) in order to verify that the forces did not cause defects in the areas of the adhesive connection. The differences observed in the present study only involved the posts that failed at different values of the acting forces – in the case of the vertical sample, x =532.5 N and in the case with an angle of 45°, x = 117.9 N. For the micro-CT images, there were no defects in the analyzed areas of the adhesive connections. Under the conditions of the current study, all selected polymer cements showed the required level of bonding.

PL

Oceniono wytrzymałość połączenia cementów polimerowych z zębiną kanałową i wkładem wzmocnionym włóknem szklanym. Zbadano pięć rodzajów polimerowych cementów stosowanych do stałego osadzania wkładów. Przeprowadzono test wytrzymałościowy 30 próbek zębów, podzielonych na dwie grupy: 15 zębów osadzonych pionowo i 15 zębów osadzonych pod kątem 45°. Wszystkie próbki poddano działaniu siły zgniatającej za pomocą urządzenia Instron 4411, a następnie każdą próbkę analizowano metodą mikroobrazowej tomografii komputerowej (mikro-CT) w celu sprawdzenia stanu połączenia między zębiną i cementem oraz wkładem i cementem. W żadnym wypadku nie stwierdzono zerwania połączenia. Zaobserwowano jedynie różnice wartości siły uszkadzającej wkład. W wypadku próbki ustawionej pionowo wyniosła ona średnio 532,5 N, a próbki ustawionej pod kątem – 117,9 N. W obszarach analizowanych metodą mikro-CT nie stwierdzono zerwania połączenia. W warunkach przeprowadzonego badania wszystkie wybrane cementy polimerowe wykazały oczekiwany poziom połączenia.

4

Refractive index matched half-wave plate with a nematic liquid crystal for three-dimensional laser metrology applications

Piecek W., Jaroszewicz L. R., Miszczyk E., Raszewski Z., Mrukiewicz M., Perkowski P., Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E., Zieliński J., Olifierczuk M., Kędzierski J., Sun X. W., Garbat K., Kowiorski K., Morawiak P., Mazur R., Tkaczyk J.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2016

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Vol. 24, No. 4

169--182

EN

There exists a need in a quality and accuracy of a three-dimensional laser metrology operating in numerically controlled automatic machines. For this purpose, one sends three laser beams mutually perpendicular. These three beams of the wavelength λ = 0.6328 μm are generated by the same laser and are directed along three independent, orthogonal, mutually perpendicular, optical paths with a given light polarization plain. Using these beams, constituting the frame of coordinates, three independent laser rangefinders are able to determine spatial coordinates of a working tool or a work piece. To form these optical pulses, a special refractive index matched Half-Wave Plate with nematic Liquid Crystal (LCHWP) was applied. The presented half-wave plate is based on a single Twisted Nematic (TN) cell (with the twist angle φ = π/2) of a rather high cell gap d ~15 μm filled with a newly developed High-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystal Mixture (HBLCM) of optical anisotropy as high as ∆n ~0.40 at λ = 0.6328 μm, where the Mauguin limit above 5.00 ~ ∆nd >> λ/2 = 0.32 is fulfilled.

5

Transparent laser damage resistant nematic liquid crystal cell “LCNP3”

Raszewski Z., Piecek W., Jaroszewicz L., Dąbrowski R., Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E., Soms L., Olifierczuk M., Kędzierski J., Morawiak P., Mazur R., Miszczyk E., Mrukiewicz M., Kowiorski K.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2014

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Vol. 22, No. 3

196-200

EN

There exists the problem in diagnostics of dense plasma (so-called Thomson diagnostics). For this purpose the plasma is illuminated by series of high energy laser pulses. The energy of each separate pulse is as large as 3 J, so it is impossible to generate a burst of such pulses by a single laser. In this situation, the pulses are generated by several independent lasers operating sequentially, and these pulses are to be directed along the same optical path. To form an optical path with ʎ = 1.064 μm and absolute value of the laser pulse energy of 3 J, a special refractive index matched twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell of type LCNP3, with switching on time ƮON smaller than 3 μs was applied.

6

Optical properties of a liquid crystal with small ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices and small optical anisotropy

Kędzierski J., Garbat K, Raszewski Z., Kojdecki M. A., Kowiorski K., Jaroszewicz L. R., Miszczyk E., Dąbrowski R., Zieliński J., Piecek W.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2014

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Vol. 22, No. 3

162-165

EN

Optical properties of a nematic liquid crystal with small refractive index and small birefringence were studied. The ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices and birefringence were measured as functions of temperature by using an Abbe refractometer and wedge nematic cells. From values of these indices the nematic orientational order parameter was calculated by using several methods and corresponding mathematical models. Kuczyński et al. method was found to be suitable for determining the order parameter also for materials featuring small ordinary refractive index, with unknown density.

7

Measurement of elastic constants of nematic liquid crystals with use of hybrid in-plane-switched cell

Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E., Kędzierski J., Raszewski Z., Jaroszewicz L., Kojdecki M. A., Piecek W., Perkowski P., Olifierczuk M., Miszczyk E., Ogrosnik K., Morawiak P.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2012

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Vol. 20, No. 3

255-259

EN

A new method for quick and pretty accurate measurements of splay, twist and bend elastic constants of nematic liquid crystals is experimentally verified. The main concept relies on exploiting only the electric field and determining magnitudes of nematic elastic constants from threshold fields for Freedericksz transitions in only one hybrid in-plane-switched cell. In such cell the deformations of an investigated liquid crystal are controlled by three separated pairs of electrodes confining measurement domains. In two of them inter-digital electrodes are mounted on one cell cover. Splay, twist and bend elastic constants can be measured by a proper choice of electrodes' configuration together with orienting cover coatings (without applying magnetic fields). In this paper, we describe layout of our cells and results of experimental tests by using different liquid crystals: 5CB and 6CHBT (with positive dielectric anisotropy), Demus' esters (with negative dielectric anisotropy) and new liquid crystals mixtures produced in our university.

8

Liquid crystal cell for space-borne laser rangefinder to space mission applications

Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E., Jaroszewicz L., Raszewski Z., Soms L., Piecek W., Perkowski P., Kędzierski J., Dąbrowski R., Olifierczuk M., Garbat K., Miszczyk E.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2012

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Vol. 20, No. 4

315-322

EN

Liquid crystal cell (LCC) for space-borne laser rangefinder to space mission applications was developed, manufactured and tested under cooperation between Military University of Technology (MUT) in Poland and Vavilov State Optical Institute (Vavilov SOI) in Russia. LCC operates in twisted nematic mode, commutating the polarization plane of a laser beam working at 1.064 µm and the energy density not smaller than 0,15 J/cm² at the pulse duration about 8 ns. The transmission of LCC is not smaller than 95% at the aperture diameter not less than 15 mm. Switching on and switching off times in a 2.5-µm thick LCC driven by voltage of 10 V are not larger than 0.7 ms and 7 ms, respectively, in the operating temperature range from 20°C to 40°C. The LCCs developed in MUT were positively tested under space requirements in Vavilov SOI.

9

High birefringence liquid crystal mixtures for electro-optical devices

Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E., Kędzierski J., Raszewski Z., Jaroszewicz L., Kojdecki M., Piecek W., Perkowski P., Garbat K., Olifierczuk M., Sutkowski M., Ogrodnik K., Morowiak P., Miszczyk E.

Optica Applicata

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2012

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Vol. 42, nr 1

167--180

EN

High-birefringence nematic liquid crystals recently developed in the Military University of Technology (Poland) are examined for selected physical properties. In particular, for six liquid crystal mixtures there were determined: two components of dielectric permittivity for voltage frequencies in the range from 10 Hz to 10 MHz; rotational viscosity; splay, twist and bend elastic constants; ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices for light wavelengths in the range from 0.3 ?m to 1.6 ?m. The properties are discussed in terms of applicability of the new liquid crystals to electro-optical devices.

10

Computer calculations of refractive indices in orthoconic SmCA* : is it possible to obtain ''isotropic'' antiferroelectric liquid crystal (IAFLC)?

Perkowski P., Raszewski Z., Piecek W., Kędzierski J., Rutkowska J., Zieliński J., Sun X. W.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2011

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Vol. 19, No. 1

34-39

EN

Orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystals (OAFLC) are promising materials for applications. The saturated value of the tilt angle for such materials is 45°, while for ''classical'' antiferroelectric liquid crystals (AFLC) it reaches typically 30°. Homogeneously oriented slab of OAFLC, unwound by surface action of cell walls is apparently optically isotropic for the light beam at normal incidence. Such unwound structure of OAFLC one can call isotropic OAFLC (IOAFLC). Optical indicatrix of OAFLC is represented by an oblate sphere (ellipsoid of revolution) with its short axis perpendicular to cell walls. Here the question arises: ''Is it possible to create isotropic AFLC (IAFLC)? An effective refractive index of IAFLC should have the same value for the light beam propagating at each direction, hence the optical indicatrix should be a sphere. In the way of theoretical considerations we found that IAFLC can exist for twisted structure of AFLC characterized by the tilt angle as high as 54.3°. Unfortunately, such a big tilt angle is still not achievable in practice. Calculations show that AFLC can be optically isotropic when the helix is not suppressed by cell walls action.

11

Determination of ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of nematic liquid crystals by using wedge cells

Kędzierski J., Raszewski Z., Kojdecki M. A., Kruszelnicki-Nowinowski E., Perkowski P., Piecek W., Miszczyk E., Zieliński J., Morawiak P., Ogrodnik K.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2010

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Vol. 18, No. 2

214-218

EN

A new accurate and fast interference method for determining ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of nematic liquid crystals is presented and discussed. The method relies on microscopic measurements of distances between interference fringes appearing in polarised parallel coherent monochromatic light beam transmitted normally to the surfaces through a wedge cell filled with a nematic. Both glass plates confining the cell are coated with a partly transparent thin film of metal which is deposited by evaporation in vacuum. Owing to the multiple reflections between the surfaces and a small edge angle, the interference fringes observed near the wedge apex edge are sharp and equidistant. To apply this method one needs only small amount of an investigated liquid crystal. Basic mathematical formulae and results of an experiment are briefly discussed.

12

Effect of fluorination of molecular rigid core in liquid crystal biphenyl benzoate based homologous series

Morawiak P., Piecek W., Żurowska M., Perkowski P., Raszewski Z., Dąbrowski R., Czupryński K., Sun X. W.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2009

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Vol. 17, No. 1

40-44

EN

Liquid crystalline perfluorinated biphenyl benzoates were synthesized and investigated. A highly tilted, neat orthoconic smectic antiferroelectric phase was observed. A homologous series of compounds without and with a single fluorine atom substituted at different positions of a molecular rigid core was investigated by standard methods. Influence of fluorine substitution on physical properties of antiferroelectric smectic phase was discussed as well as influence of fluorination on molecular dipole moment orientation and its value were presented. Decrease in rotational viscosity as a result of fluorine substitution within a molecular rigid core was ascribed to changes of molecular packing.

13

Technical aspects of dielectric spectroscopy measurements of liquid crystals

Perkowski P., Łada D., Ogrodnik K., Rutkowska J., Piecek W., Raszewski Z.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2008

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Vol. 16, No. 3

271-276

EN

The dielectric spectroscopy measurements were performed for antiferroelectric liquid crystalline mixture. For this purpose, the cells with ITO electrodes were prepared. It was found that it is not possible to detect some important relaxation modes in Sm A*, Sm C*, and Sm CA* phases. The own cell mode (related to cell properties, i.e., capacity and resistivity) covers the dielectric response of liquid crystalline medium. Dielectric measurements in cells with gold electrodes were done to show all possible relaxations in antiferroelectric liquid crystals (Lcs).

14

Study of anchoring characteristics and splay-bend elastic constant based on experiments with non-twisted nematic liquid crystal cells

Kędzierski J., Kojdecki M. A., Raszewski Z., Rutkowska J., Piecek W., Perkowski P., Zieliński J., Miszczyk E.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2008

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Vol. 16, No. 4

390-394

EN

Possible influence of a nematics splay-bend elastic constant and corresponding free energy functional term on adequacy of description of nematics states is studied by comparing results of theoretical considerations and computer simulations with experimental data. Planar deformation states enforced in flat nematics cells by symmetric aligning cover coatings and external electric or magnetic fields are studied in one-dimensional approximation. Nematics material parameters and nematics-substrate coupling characteristics are determined from experimental data by immediate measurement or by solving inverse problems. Two series of cells with thicknesses between twenty and forty-four micrometers (in fact two wedge cells) with two different orienting substrates are investigated by measuring a cell optical response in a birefringence experimental system. Good agreement between optical retardation measured and simulated is observed. Posterior comparison of free energy contributions from substrate interactions and a hypothetical surface-like term leads to a conclusion that the last one together with a splay-bend elastic constant should be very small and can be neglected.

15

Dielectric relaxation behaviour of liquid crystals with opposite orientation of -COO ester group in molecular core

Rutkowska J., Perkowski P., Piecek W., Raszewski Z., Kędzierski J.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2008

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Vol. 16, No. 3

262-266

EN

Dielectric measurements were performed for two smectogens, being structurally analogous with the opposite space orientation of the -COO ester group in the molecular core, using a HP4192A impedance analyser. Gold coated electrode cells of different thicknesses were used. Temperature dependences of the relaxation frequency fR and the inverse of the dielectric strength Δ ε '⊥⁻¹ obtained by fitting experimental values of perpendicular components, i.e., the real ε '⊥ and the imaginary ε "⊥ parts of the complex dielectric permittivity to the Cole-Cole equation as well as the investigation of modification of relaxation processes under bias were determined for the SmC*, SmA*, and N* phases of studied compounds. One can conclude, on the basis of the above results, that dielectric relaxation processes observed by us in the studied compounds are similar to those of the soft and Goldstone mode typically observed by others in the SmC*, SmA*, and N* phases. It is concluded from a comparison of their properties with other related compounds that the link between the biphenyl moiety and –COO ester group is closely related to the stability of smectic phases.

16

Dielectric measurements of new antiferroelectric liquid crystals

Perkowski P., Ogrodnik K., Łada D., Piecek W., Rutkowska J., Raszewski Z., Żurowska M., Dąbrowski R., Sun X.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2008

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Vol. 16, No. 3

277-280

EN

Three new pure antiferroelectric materials, synthesized at the Military University of Technology (MUT), were investigated by dielectric means. Clear relaxation modes were detected, i.e., Soft, Goldstone, low frequency in-phase (PL) as well high frequency anti-phase (PH) modes for paraelectric Sm A* phase, ferroelectric Sm C* phase and antiferroelectric Sm CA* phase, respectively. Additionally, a high relaxation mode in Sm CA* was found. The relaxation frequencies fR of the observed modes were calculated from Cole-Cole diagrams.

17

Optical method for determining anisotropy of diamagnetic susceptibility of nematic and polar anchoring energy coefficient of nematic-substrate systems by using a cell of varying thickness

Kędzierski J., Raszewski Z., Kojdecki M., Zieliński J., Miszczyk E., Lipińska L.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2004

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Vol. 12, No. 3

299-303

EN

A wedge cell of the wedge angle of the order of few milliradians was used to measure threshold magnetic fields for the magnetic Freedericksz transition [1-3]. A nematic liquid crystal filling the cell was of planar orientation enforced by the treatment of the flat boundary plates. A system of interference fringes appeared in the cell placed in normally incident light between analyser and polariser crossed. In the vicinity of each fringe, the cell could be considered as a flat-parallel one and hence it was equivalent to a system of flat cells of different precisely determined thickness, the same relates to any cell of slowly-varying thickness and flat cover plates. The threshold magnetic field magnitudes were interpreted as eigenvalues of the boundary eigenvalue problem for the operator of the second derivative; the interaction between the nematics and the substrate was described by the Rapini-Papoular formula [3] (i.e., weak coupling was considered). The resulting formulae were used to determine the polar anchoring energy coefficient and the anisotropy of diamagnetic susceptibility after the threshold fields measured. The method was applied to characterise the nematic liquid crystal 5CB and the coupling between it and the substrates made of poly(amic acid) MP2 [4, 5]. The estimates of material parameters agreed pretty well with those determined by the composite method [6].

18

Molecular parameters of some antiferroelectric liquid crystals

Raszewski Z., Rutkowska J., Perkowski P., Zieliński J., Kędzierski J., Piecek W., Kłosowicz S., Żmija J.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2002

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Vol. 51, nr 1

21-33

PL

W pracy zbadano dwa związki ciekłokrystaliczne MHPB(H)PBC oraz MHPB(F)PBC wykazujące właściwości antyferroelektryczne, zsyntezowane w WAT. Wyznaczono szereg wielkości charakteryzujących fazę jak: kąt tiltu θ, polaryzację spontaniczną Ps w fazie anty- i ferroelektrycznej. Na podstawie pomiarów optycznych oraz densytometrycznych, korzystając z dwóch różnych procedur ekstrapolacyjnych, obliczono polaryzowalności (αL i αT) molekuł tworzących fazę ciekłokrystaliczną. Wartość momentów dipolowych wyznaczono z pomiarów dielektrycznych w fazie izotropowej (korzystając z równań Maiera - Meiera) oraz z modelowania komputerowego za pomocą programu Hyper Chem 5.0.

EN

Two investigated antiferroelectric liquid crystals, MHPB(H)PBC and MHPB(F)PBC, were synthesized [1] and some their physical properties were described earlier [2]. Apart from the above, MHPB(H)PBC and MHPB(F)PBC have been studied by means of dielectric, densitometric, refractometric and X-ray measurements. Spontaneous polarisation and tilt angle θ in ferro- (SmC*) and antiferroelectric (SmC*A) phases of MHPB(H)PBC and MHPB(F)PBC have also been invastigated. Transverse αT and longitudinal αL molecular polarizabilities have been calculated from the ordinarynO and extraordinary nE refractive indices and densityρ of MHPB(H)PBC and MHPB(F)PBC, using Neugebaure, Vuks and Lorentz wquations with both Haller and Subramhanyama extrapolation procedures. Effective values of the molecular dipole moment have been calculated from electric permittivity in the I phases of these compounds, using Maier and Meier equation.

19

The order parameter of liquid-crystalline mixture with dichroic dye for TN LCD

Olifierczuk M., Kędzierski J., Raszewski Z., Zieliński J., Miszczyk E.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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1999

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Vol. 48, nr 4

99-106

EN

Paper contains results of studies on TL LC mixture with a black dichroic dye. The general information concerning a principle of an action of TN display with the dye is presented. The effect of the dye on temperature dependence of LC order parameter is discussed. The order parameter is confirmed by several methods (Lorentz-Lorenz's, Vuks-Chandrasekhar-Madhusudana's, Neugebauer-Saupe-Maier's procedures and extrapolation by Haller and Subramhanyam) for PCB.

PL

Praca zawiera wyniki badań nad efektem TN z czarnym barwnikiem dichroicznym. Podane są ogólne informacje na temat zasady działania displeja TN z barwnikiem chroicznym. Przedyskutowano wpływ barwnika na temperaturową charakterystykę parametru uporządkowania warstwy. Parametr uporządkowania otrzymano różnymi metodami (procedury Lorentz-Lorenz, Vuks-Chandrasekhar-Madhusudana, Neugebauer-Saupe-Maier i ekstrapolacje Hallera i Subramhanyamy) i sprawdzono dla PCB.

20

On discrete coefficient inverse problem

Kojdecki M. A., Kędzierski J., Raszewski Z.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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1999

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Vol. 48, nr 4

107-112

PL

Przedstawiono metodę określania zbioru dyskretnych parametrów charakteryzujących model matematyczny ośrodka fizycznego (ciągłego) - na przykład stałych materiałowych lub współczynników w równaniu różniczkowym. Zaproponowano wariacyjne sformułowanie dyskretnego współczynnikowego zagadnienia odwrotnego, umożliwiające rozwiązanie go za pomocą standardowych algorytmów. Jako przykład podana jest metoda wyznaczania stałych materiałowych nematycznego ciekłego kryształu.

EN

A method for determination of a set of discrete parameters characterising a mathemal model of a physical (continuous) medium, e.g. material constants or coefficients in differential equation, is presented. A variational formulation of a discrete coefficient inverse problem, which enables finding its solution by standard algorithms, is proposed. A method for determining material constants of nematic liquid crystal is demonstrated as an example.