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EN
Copper is one of the main components of friction materials used in vehicles’ brake systems. It is mainly used due to two features: good thermal conductivity and lubricity. Unfortunately, it is harmful no only to humans but also more to aquatic life. For this reason, there is an attempt to minimize its use. This paper presents the results of testing four groups of samples with different Cu contents (5, 10, 15, and 20%). Laboratory tests were performed using calorimetry, hot wire method, and pin-on-disc method. This allowed to determine selected physico-chemical material properties of samples, which were then used for simulation studies. They were intended to check how the heating process of friction materials with a chemical composition such as made samples will proceed in real conditions, in real brake pads.
PL
Wyznaczono współczynnik tarcia, wskaźnik zużycia powierzchni ciernej oraz pojemność i przewodność cieplną dla 3 rodzajów klocków hamulcowych przeznaczonych do różnych modeli samochodów osobowych (mały hatchback, sedan premium i samochód terenowy). Największy wpływ na właściwości fizykochemiczne okładzin ciernych hamulca miały metale twarde (stal, żeliwo), smar (grafit, Cu, CuZn₁₀) i materiał wzmacniający (aramidy).
EN
Chem. compn., av. friction coeff., friction surface wear rate, d., heat capacity and thermal cond. were detd. for 3 types of brake pads intended for various passenger car models: small hatchback, premium sedan and off-road car. Hard metals (steel, cast iron), grease (graphite, Cu, CuZn₁₀) and reinforcing material (aramid) had the highest impact on the phys. and chem. properties of brake friction linings.
EN
The paper reports experimental results of the analysis of the 145Cr6 steel surface after erosion using the profilometrical technique by means of interferometry streaks. Erosive tests were carried out using abrasive containing quartz sand used in water jet cutting. Differences in the intensity of erosive wear were dependent on the angle of the abrasive stream (10°; 15°; 20°; 30°; 60°; 90°). In order to determine the characteristic features of the surface layer after the impact of the erosive stream, its characteristic parameters, such as roughness Ra and Sa for linear and field measurements, were analysed. Geometrical features of the regions investigated, such as shape, depth, angle of the abrasive stream, are presented. The analysis was carried out in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.
EN
The article presents research results referring to the influence of supply pressure on the functional parameters of the impulse low-pressure gas-phase injector. The study was done on the original stand for flow test of gas-phase injectors. In the indirect evaluation, with the initial parameters and the length of the forced impulse, the current line, acceleration and pressure sensor courses were used. Apart from the volumetric flow rate, the analysed parameters were the time periods of the injector opening and closing process. Those time segments were composed of response time and opening/closing time, the sum of which gives time of full opening. Functional relationships describing the volumetric flow rate, time of full opening and closing are presented, which are helpful not only in comparative tests of different injectors, but also in modelling the operation of gas injector or algorithms of gas supply control system. The reference to the volumetric flow rate allowed to indicate possible causes of variability of this parameter depending on the supply pressure.
PL
Liczba samochodów dostawczych na drogach, zarówno miejskich, jak i pozamiejskich, jest bardo duża. Pojazdy tego typu wykorzystywane są w wielu gałęziach przemysłu. Ważne jest, aby ich układy hamulcowe były skuteczne i bezawaryjne. Jednym z największych zagrożeń dla poprawnego działania hamulców jest wysoka temperatura, która doprowadzić może do zjawiska fadingu. Niniejsza praca przedstawia badania symulacyjne procesu hamowania pojazdu dostawczego z różnych prędkości początkowych, możliwych do uzyskania na drogach różnej kategorii. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiaru temperatur tarczy i klocka hamulcowego zarówno w trakcie hamowania, jak i bezpośrednio po nim.
EN
The number of delivery vans on roads, both urban and non-urban, is very large. Vehicles of this type are used in many industries. It is therefore important that their braking systems are effective and failure-free. One of the biggest threats to the correct operation of the brakes is high temperature, which may lead to the phenomenon of fading. This paper presents simulation studies of the braking process of a delivery vehicle from various initial speeds, possible to obtain on roads of different categories. The results of the temperature measurement of the disc and the brake pad are presented during braking and immediately after it.
PL
Dynamiczny rozwój przemysłu motoryzacyjnego dotknął również pojazdy wykorzystywane w pracach polowych. Poruszają się one z coraz to większymi prędkościami, charakteryzują się też większymi masami. Ich zatrzymanie wymaga więc stosowania nowych, bardziej wydajnych hamulców. To z kolei wymusza prowadzenie licznych badań mających na celu optymalizację składu okładzin ciernych. Do badań wykorzystuje się różne metody. Najkorzystniej jest, jeżeli wykonuje się badania na obiekcie rzeczywistym. Jednak mało kiedy jest to możliwe. W badaniach laboratoryjnych próbuje się jak najlepiej odzwierciedlić obiekt badań, jednak stanowiska badawcze zapewniają jedynie pewne przybliżenie. Wielu naukowców zajmuje się obecnie badaniami symulacyjnymi. Ich główną zaletą jest niski koszt oraz praktycznie nieograniczona możliwość wariacji warunków badań. Niniejsza praca ma na celu zaproponowanie nowej metody badawczej wykorzystującej kontakt Ball-Cratering. Do odpowiedniego zaplanowania eksperymentu zaproponowano metodę optymalizacji procesów Taguchi. W celu zweryfikowania prawidłowości proponowanej metody wykonano przykładowe badania. Wyznaczono w nich wartości współczynnika tarcia oraz współczynnika szybkości zużywania ściernego.
EN
The dynamic development of the automotive industry also affected vehicles used in agricultural. They are running at higher speeds, they are also characterized by larger masses. Their stopping therefore requires the use of new, more efficient brakes. This, in turn, requires numerous studies to optimize the composition of friction materials. Various methods are used for research. It is most beneficial if tests are carried out on a real object. However, not often it is possible. Laboratory tests attempt to reflect the research object as closely as possible, but the test stands provide only some approximation. Many researchers are currently involved in simulation research. Their main advantage is lower cost and virtually unlimited variation of test conditions. This work aims to propose a new research method using Ball-Cratering contact. The method of Taguchi optimizing processes was proposed for the appropriate planning of the experiment. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed method, examinations were carried out. As a result, the values of the coefficient of friction and the coefficient of abrasive wear rate were determined.
EN
Disc brakes in passenger cars are extremely important due to safety concerns. Their operational quality largely rests on the conditions of contact between the working elements, which mainly consists offlat and dry sliding. The tribological phenomena thatoccur during braking are, unfortunately, extremely complex and difficult to recreate in laboratory settings. Many scientific institutes conduct research to improve our understanding of these phenomena. The results they present make it possible to continuously simplify the procedures for selecting friction materials and reducing the costs of identifying the properties of new products. This article analyses the methods commonly used by researchers. It also presents different set-ups of research stations, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of each method.
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