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Distribution Patterns of Chlorophyll-a and its Relationship with Phosphate, Nitrate in Banjir Kanal Barat and Banjir Kanal Timur, Semarang, Indonesia

Suryoputro Agus Anugroho Dwi, Pramesti Rista Anggita, Zainuri Muhammad, Maslukah Lilik

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

186--193

EN

Banjir Kanal Barat (BKB) and Banjir Kanal Timur (BKT) are widely used for various community activities such as residential areas, industry, fish cultivation, and auction. Community activity around BKB and BKT will affect N and P nutrient inputs, which further affects phytoplankton abundance. In this study, phytoplankton biomass was estimated through chlorophyll-a (chl-a) measurements. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of the chl-a and determine the influence of phosphate and nitrate in front of the estuary from BKB and BKT. Sampling was carried out at 8 stations from each estuary and was carried out in the dry season. The concentration of chl-a, phosphate, and nitrate is further described in the form of a distribution pattern based on the interpolation method with ArcGIS 10.2 software. The results showed that the average ± sd of chl-a, respectively was 15,781 ± 16.90 mg/m3 and 17,710 ± 15.31 mg/m3, phosphate was 0.0174 ± 0.0057 ppm and 0.0096 ± 0.0164 ppm, nitrate was 2.9086 ± 1.1824 ppm and 1.6919 ± 1.6316 ppm. The distribution pattern of chlorophyll-a and phosphate decreases in concentration towards the sea, while nitrate forms an irregular pattern and has a different pattern in each estuary. Nutrient phosphate has a positive correlation with chlorophyll-a.

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Improved Performance of Geospatial Model to Access the Tidal Flood Impact on Land Use by Evaluating Sea Level Rise and Land Subsidence Parameters

Zainuri Muhammad, Helmi Muhammad, Novita Maria Griselda Anindyan, Kusumaningrum Hermin Pancasakti, Koch Magaly

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 2

1--11

EN

In the 20th century, climate change caused an increase in temperature that accelerated the rate of sea level. Sea level rise and land subsidence threaten densely populated coastal areas as well as lowlands because they cause tidal flooding. Tidal floods occur every year due to an increase in sea level rise and land subsidence. The lack of information on this phenomenon causes delays in disaster mitigation, leading to serious problems. This study was conducted to predict the area of tidal flood inundation on land use in 2020 to 2035. This research was performed in Pekalongan Regency, as one of the areas experiencing large land subsidence and sea level rise. The research data to be used were tides and the value of soil subsidence, as well as sea level rise. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was obtained through a topographic survey. Modeling was used for DTM reconstruction based on land subsidence and sea level rise every year. The sea level rise value uses the satellite altimetry data from 1993–2018. A field survey was conducted to validate the inundation model that has been created. Land subsidence was processed using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image data with Single Band Algorithm (SBA) differential interferometry. This study proved that tidal flooding has increased every year where in 2020 it was 783.99 hectares, but with the embankment there was a reduction in inundation area of 1.68 hectares. The predicted area of tidal flood inundation in 2025, 2030 and 2035 without the embankment is 3388.98 hectares, 6523.19 hectares, 7578.94 hectares, while with the embankment in 2035 is 1686.62 hectares. The research results showed that the use of embankments is a solution for coastal mitigation as well as regional planning.

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Impact of Nutrients and Suspended Particulate Matter on Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a Biomass, in the Estuary of Kendal, Indonesia

Indrayanti Elis, Maslukah Lilik, Astariningrum Metya, Zainuri Muhammad

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

212--218

EN

The Kendal River estuary receives nutrient input from various community activities from the surrounding waters and will indirectly affect the physical and biological quality parameters of the waters. Phytoplankton biomass is a parameter of biological quality, which can be measured based on the concentration of chlorophyll-a, while suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a parameter of its physical quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of nutrients and suspended particulate matter and their effect on chlorophyll-a in the Kendal River Estuary. This research was conducted in November 2017. Sampling was carried out at 12 stations representing river, coastal and high seas areas. Chlorophyll-a and nutrients N & P, were measured based on the spectrometric method and SPM using the gravimetric method. Spatial distribution of each parameter using kriging interpolation with ArcGIS. The results showed that chlorophyll-a, nitrate, phosphate, and SPM had a similar spatial distribution pattern, which was high in the estuary area and decreased in concentration towards the sea. The results of the multiple linear regression model analysis between chlorophyll-a on nutrients and SPM followed the formula [chl-a] = –11275 + 5.249 [NO3-] + 6.987 [PO42-] + 0.004 [SPM], with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.76. The most influential water quality is phosphate, followed by nitrate and SPM. Based on the chlorophyll-a value, Muara Kendal is categorized as eutrophic.

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Fractionation and bioavailability of phosphorus and its relation to chlorophyll-a at the coastal area of Semarang city

Maslukah Lilik, Wirasatriya Anindya, Widada Sugeng, Ismunarti Dwi Haryo, Yusuf Muh, Salma Ummu, Zainuri Muhammad

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 2

183--197

EN

We investigate the distribution of various fractions phosphorus (P) in sediments at the coastal area of Semarang City. Samples were collected from thirteen locations at the Banjir Kanal Barat, port and Banjir Kanal Timur. Sedimentary parameters such as sand, silt, clay, and organic carbon were analysed in order to find out their relation with various P fractions. The sediment types are predominantly sandy and silty with low clay content. Among all fractions (loosely bound/Ads-P), bound calcium/Ca-P), iron bound/Fe-P), and organic fraction/OP), Ca-P fractions constitute the largest portion (71.2 %) followed by iron-bound (17.0 %), organic fraction (10.4 %) and loosely bound (1.4 %). The bioavailable P fractions range from 20.2 % to 42.0 % of the total P (TP) content with average 28.8 %. Relatively high Ads-P content is observed in offshore locations with comparatively high mud percentage as compared with the near-shore locations. The order of abundance of the main forms of P in the Semarang coastal surface sediments is as follows: Ca-P > Fe-P > OP > Ads-P. The concentration of this fraction causes the abundance of chlorophyll-a from 9.09 to 21.09 mg/m3.

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Estimation of Chlorophyll-a Phytoplankton in the Coastal Waters of Semarang and Jepara for Monitoring the Eutrophication Process using MODIS-Aqua Imagery and Conventional Methods

Maslukah Lilik, Setiawan Riza Yuliratno, Nurdin Nurjannah, Zainuri Muhammad, Wirastriya Anindya, Helmi Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

51--59

EN

This study investigates the concentration of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) using the data of field observation and MODISAqua imagery. The field observation data were retrieved by using a conventional method and processed using spectrometric analysis. This study covers the coastal and near land areas which have different levels of anthropogenic activity. The results showed that the coastal waters of Semarang with a high level of anthropogenic activity persistently show a concentration of chlorophyll a (chl-a) twice as large as Jepara coastal waters. This comparison value is obtained based on imagery and field data. Meanwhile, the ratio of chl-a field data in each region shows a value of ±5 times greater than the MODIS data. Field observation data shows a higher value than the MODISAqua imagery data. The use of imagery data can be employed as a method of monitoring the eutrophication process on the coast. On the basis of the chlorophyll a classification and field observations, the coastal water of Semarang are classified as eutropic waters and Jepara is categorized as mesotropic category. The classification results will be different if monitoring is carried out using the image data with a location far from the mainland, the Semarang waters are included in the mesotropic category (> 2 mg•m-3) and Jepara is included in the oligotropic water category (< 2 mg•m-3).

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The Relationship among Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate, Particulate Inorganic Phosphate, and Chlorophyll-a in Different Seasons in the Coastal Seas of Semarang and Jepara

Maslukah Lilik, Zainuri Muhammad, Wirasatriya Anindya, Maisyarah Siti

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 3

135--142

EN

The speciation of particulate inorganic phosphate (PIP) in waters is still rarely studied, unlike the dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) which is often used in the assessment of the water quality parameters and their effect on the presence of chlorophyll a. This research aimed at determinig the relationship between DIP and PIP and its effect on the concentration of chlorophyll-a. This research was conducted in the waters of Semarang and Jepara, in different seasons (Rainy and dry). Speciation from PIP was obtained through an extraction process using 1 M HCL and continued with phosphate analysis using the molybdenum blue method, as in the DIP analysis. The linear model was used to find an equation and determine the variables that affect chlorophyll a. Our results showed that the distribution patterns of DIP, PIP and Chlorophyll-a have different patterns in the two study areas and different seasons. The concentration of DIP is always high in the Semarang waters, and is followed by a high chlorophyll-a response. A different pattern was found in the Jepara waters, where the chlorophyll-a response is high in the east monsoon. The relationship of Chl-a to DIP was very significant in the west season in the waters of Semarang and the Jepara region in the east season (p < 0.05). The relationship of chlorophyll a to DIP in the Semarang and Jepara waters produced an equation, Chl a = -56.565 + 76.672 (DIP) with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.478, at a significant level (p) = 0.004 and Chl a = -25.844 + 68.827 (DIP) with value of R2 = 0.421 at a significance level of p = 0.007, respectively.

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Estimation of Land Subsidence Using Sentinel Image Analysis and Its Relation to Subsurface Lithology Based on Resistivity Data in the Coastal Area of Semarang City, Indonesia

Widada Sugeng, Zainuri Muhammad, Yulianto Gatot, Satriadi Alfi, Wijaya Yusuf Jati

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 8

47--56

EN

The Semarang city is the capital of the Central Java Province that is experiencing rapid urban growth. Land subsidence in Semarang has been widely reported and its impacts can be seen already in daily life. In order to minimize its damage, land subsidence monitoring is required as a part of natural disaster mitigation. On the other hand, understanding of the subsurface lithology conditions is needed to explore the causes of subsidence in certain areas. One of the methods of monitoring land subsidence is by utilizing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite image which is used in this research. In turn, the subsurface lithology can be studied with the geoelectric methods, one of which is the resistivity method. The purpose of this research is to estimate the land subsidence in the Semarang city using the Sentinel Image Analysis by means of the DInSAR Method and its relation with subsurface lithology studied using the resistivity geoelectric method. The result of the research shows that the average value of subsidence was located in the Genuk District area and Semarang Utara District area which each subsidence value is 9.8 cm/year and 12.7 cm/year. This is because the lithology under the surface of the two locations is clay and silt in a soft condition that is thicker than other locations. The saltwater content contributes to the consolidation process in the lithology. There is a tendency that land subsidence is greater in the port and industrial areas than in other regions, due to building loads.

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Spatial Distribution of Chlorophyll-a and Its Relationship with Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate Influenced by Rivers in the North Coast of Java

Maslukah Lilik, Zainuri Muhammad, Wirasatriya Anindya, Salma Ummu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 7

18--25

EN

This research examines the eutrophication process mainly by considering the chlorophyll-a concentration. A simple linear model was used to determine the correlation between Chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP). The research was carried out on river mouths in the north coast of Central Java. The results of the linear model show that the relationship between chlorophyll-a and DIP follows the logarithmic model with the log [Chloa] = 1.52 + 1.60 log [DIP], R2 = 0.55. The model suggests that the high concentration of chlorophyll-a is related to dissolved inorganic phosphate concentrations. On the basis of the sufficient of conclusive evidence for these variables, the study sites with high stresses from several anthropogenic sources had higher chlorophyll-a than the sites that are relatively far from river mouths and lands.

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Distributions and Fluxes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrients in Porewater Sediments in the Estuary of Jepara Indonesia

Maslukah Lilik, Wulandari Sri Yulina, Prasetyawan Indra Budi, Zainuri Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

58--64

EN

River is a location that is responsible for the main transport of nutrient flow from land to estuary and oceans. The nutrients that are adsorbed by the solid phase can be deposited and stored in the sediment. Sediments in estuaries and beaches have an important role in storing or removing nutrients from or to the water column. The presence of nutrients in porewater interacts with sediment and water column. In general, the nutrients that have a role as limiting factors for life in the waters are nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The release of N and P elements is very important for the estuary and coastal environment, related to the process of regenerating nutrients into the water column. The release mechanism is determined by a diffusion process, based on the difference of concentration between the water column and the porewater. This study aims to determine the concentration of N and P in the porewater and estimate the value of flux. The sediment samples were taken from the Wiso and Serang estuary, Jepara. The components that were analyzed in the porewater are the concentration of N (nitrate, nitrite) and P (phosphate). Nitrite, nitrate and phosphate were determined by using sulphanilamide method and the molybdenum blue method, respectively. Furthermore, the flux value (F) was calculated based on the Fick’s I Law which was corrected by porosity. The results show that the mean concentrations of nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-) and phosphate (PO42-) in the sediment water of Serang Estuary are 1.96, 1.41, 3.46 μM and in the Wiso estuary are 3.4, 1.85, 8.22 μM. In general, based on the calculation of flux, the sediments in the Serang and Wiso estuaries have a positive flux. Moreover, the sediment in Jepara acts as a source and releases N and P nutrient into the water column. The Wiso estuary has a higher flux than the Serang estuary.