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Sztuka ogrodów dawnych i nowych

Malinowska Z.

Problemy Ekologii

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2006

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R. 10, nr 2

77-84

PL

Ogród jest formą przestrzenną tworzoną z dwóch rodzajów składników: naturalnego obejmującego istniejący teren i zieleń oraz sztucznego będącego dziełem rąk ludzkich. Szczególny wpływ na jego ostateczną formę ma czas. Od XVI wieku w kompozycji ogrodów występują dwie przeciwstawne tendencje: geometryczna i naturalistyczna. Najbardziej popularną formą ogrodu jest park. Oprócz parków miejskich istnieją parki kalwaryjne, zdrojowe, memoralne i inne, o ściśle określonej funkcji. Park krajobrazowy wykorzystuje elementy krajobrazu naturalnego, termin ten odnosi się także do kompleksów krajobrazowych charakteryzujących się wyjątkowymi walorami naturalnymi lub kulturowymi. Ogrody botaniczne są ogrodami o charakterze dydaktycznym i naukowym, podobnie jak ogrody biblijne. Specjalne wymagania spełniać muszą ogrody dla osób niepełnosprawnych. Parki i ogrody oprócz walorów estetycznych poprawiają mikroklimat otoczenia produkują tlen, ograniczają emisję hałasu i pyłu. Umożliwiają rekreację i uprawianie sportów a także rehabilitację osobom o ograniczonej sprawności, uczą wrażliwości na piękno natury i umożliwiają kontakt ze sztuką, służą dydaktyce i nauce a na koniec stwarzają warunki egzystencji dla małych zwierząt. Trudno wyobrazić sobie bez nich cywilizowane społeczeństwo. Mimo to przez wiele dziesiątek lat sztuka ogrodów była w Polsce zaniedbywana. Czas, aby znalazła należne jej miejsce w naszej świadomości i w naszej kulturze.

EN

Gardens are spatial forms created from the two types of components: a natural component, comprising the existing area and the green, and an artificial, man-made component. Time has had a special influence on gardens. Since 16th century, two contradictory tendencies have occurred in the design of gardens: geometrical and naturalistic. Parks are the most popular forms of gardens. Beside urban parks, there are sanctuary parks, spa parks, memorial parks and other types of parks of a specifically defined function. Landscape parks use the elements of the natural landscape. This term refers also to landscape complexes characterised by extraordinary natural and cultural qualities. Botanical gardens are gardens of didactic and scientific character, similarly as the Bible gardens. Beside aesthetic values, parks and gardens improve the microclimate of the surrounding area since they produce oxygen, reduce noise and dust emission. They also provide space for recreation and sport practising as well as enable rehabilitation to disabled people, develop the sensitivity to the beauty of nature, provide contact with art, serve educational purposes and finally are habitat to small animals. A civilisation society without parks is hard to imagine. Despite that fact, the art of horticulture has been neglected in Poland for many decades. It is high time now for it to find its place in our awareness and culture.

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Park, który jeszcze istnieje. Założenie dworsko-parkowe w Zgłobicach koło Tarnowa

Malinowska Z., Kraus D.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2006

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nr 3-4

66-69

EN

The process of devastation is still running and there are less and less palace sets in the area on the country which would in many cases represent antique and landscape values. The present study is devoted to one of such sets. The described set is situated in Zgłobice near Tarnów. a 19th century, neo-classical manor house together with farm buildings and a park from the same period are included in the set. Unfortunately the estate has been in a state of dilapidation for 10 years as it has no owner. As a result of the greenery inventory it was concluded that the park still has a clear spatial setting, and also numerous specimens of old trees can be found there. The whole set which constitutes to the testimony of a long passed epoque and characteristic for its spatial solutions deserves conservatory protection. But there is a threat that soon it will be too late to preserve it.

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Współczesne zagospodarowywanie ogrodów wiejskich w Naprawie koło Jordanowa

Kapczyńska A., Malinowska Z., Górka J.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2005

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nr 3-4

91--95

EN

Investigations on an arrangement of ten rural gardens in Naprawa village near Jordanów were based on inquiry method and local inspection of the gardens with an inventory of ornamental plants used for the arrangement. All gardens were established after construction of new houses. All, with the exception of one, were managed by women of 20 to 55 years old. Half of the garden owners work in different professions, the rest work at their home farms. The owners pay particular particular attention to the esthetical appearance of their gardens. Only two of the gardens were unattractive. Expansion and arrangement of new borders were observed in ten gardens. However in one garden, the expansion of lawn was at the cost of ornamental plants. Non of the gardens visited were arranged in the rural gardening tradition, except in two cases which were partially traditional. Analysis of the plants used for planting in the gardens indicate low use of annual plants in spite of biennials and no hardy perennials. Borders were planted most often with perennials using mainly native species which flower in spring time. Apart from typical, traditionally recommended species for planting in rural gardens, several new ones were introduced, which are not often used in these kinds of arrangements, with disregard for many traditional, very valuable ornamental plants.