Mg60 Zn35 Ca5 amorphous powder alloys were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) technique. The results of the influence of high-energy ball-milling time on amorphization of the Mg60 Zn35 Ca5 elemental blend (intended for biomedical application) were presented in the study. The amorphization process was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Initial elemental powders were mechanically alloyed in a Spex 8000 high-energy ball mill at different milling times (from 3 to 24 h). Observation of the powder morphology after various stages of milling leads to the conclusion that with the increase of the milling time the size of the powder particles as well as the degree of aggregation change. The partially amorphous powders were obtained in the Mg60 Zn35 Ca5 alloy after milling for 13-18h. The results indicate that this technique is a powerful process for preparing Mg60 Zn35 Ca5 alloys with amorphous and nanocrystalline structure.
The HR3C is a new steel for pressure components used in the construction of boilers with supercritical working parameters. In the HR3C steel, due to adding Nb and N, the compounds such as MX, CrNbN and M23C6 precipitate during service at elevated temperature, resulting in changes in mechanical properties. This paper presents the results of microstructure investigations after ageing at 650, 700 and 750°C for 5,000 h. The microstructure investigations were carried out using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The qualitative and quantitative identification of the existing precipitates was carried out using X-ray analysis of phase composition. The effect elevated temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the examined steel was described.
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of manufacturing conditions on the structure and properties of porous halloysite preforms, which during pressure infiltration were soaked with a liquid alloy to obtain a metal matrix composite reinforced by ceramic, and also to find innovative possibilities for the application of mineral nanotubes obtained from halloysite. The method of manufacturing porous ceramic preforms (based on halloysite nanotubes) as semi-finished products that are applicable to modern infiltrated metal matrix composites was shown. The ceramic preforms were manufactured by sintering of halloysite nanotubes (HNT), Natural Nano Company (USA), with the addition of pores and canals forming agent in the form of carbon fibres (Sigrafil C10 M250 UNS SGL Group, the Carbon Company). The resulting porous ceramic skeletons, suggest innovative application capabilities mineral nanotubes obtained from halloysite.
The aim of this study is to investigate tribological properties of EN AC-AlSi12 alloy composite materials matrix manufactured by pressure infiltration of Al2O3 porous preforms. In the paper, a technique of manufacturing composite materials was described in detail as well as wear resistance made on pin on disc was tested. Metallographic observations of wear traces of tested materials using stereoscopic and confocal microscopy were made. Studies allow concluding that obtained composite materials have much better wear resistance than the matrix alloy AlSil2. It was further proved that the developed technology of their preparation consisting of pressure infiltration of porous ceramic preforms can find a practical application.
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Purpose: The aim of the study is to develop a method of manufacturing porous preforms based on ceramic powder Al2O3 used as the strengthening for the production of modern metal composite materials. Design/methodology/approach: Semi-products were produced by sintering of ceramic powders with addition of the pores forming agent. The material of the preform was Al2O3 powder while as a pores and canals forming agent inside the sintered ceramic skeleton coal and charcoal were used. Particle size measurements of Al2O3 powder, charcoal, and coal using laser particle size measurer were made. Preforms were also observed in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Findings: The obtained preforms have a volume fraction of ceramic phase in the range of 20-44% due to the differences of sintering temperature and various portion and coal origin used as pores forming agent. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of presented method is the possibility of obtaining preforms where a porosity are not exceeding 80%. Where, in the case of using ceramic fibers, the pores may be more than 90% volume fraction of the material. Practical implications: Manufactured ceramic preforms are widely used as a reinforcement for production of composite materials by infiltration methods. This method enables the production of metal and locally reinforced composite products with an exact mapping shape. Originality/value: Results indicate the possibility of obtaining new preforms which are a cheaper alternative to semi-finished products based on ceramic fibers. On the other hand, the use of coal and charcoal as a pores forming agent is an economically justified alternative to previously used materials such as fibers carbon and graphite.
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Purpose: In the present article, the wear behaviour of aluminium alloy matrix nanocomposites containing various amounts of carbon nanotubes (0, 2 and 5 vol.%) fabricated using powder metallurgy route has been investigated. Design/methodology/approach: In order to provide the uniform dispersion of the reinforcement particles in the aluminium matrix, in the study, mechanical milling has been used. Through a repeated process of cold welding, fracturing, and re-welding during the mechanical milling, carbon nanotubes are being well embedded between the deformed particles. The tribological test has been performed using a ball-on-plate wear tester. Findings: The microhardness testing has found that addition of carbon nanotubes increases nanocomposite hardness. The results of wear behaviour has showed the influence of the nanocomposite powders preparation conditions on the tribological properties of the final material. Practical implications: Nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes were prepared using powder metallurgy method what shows the practical implications of the manufacturing of nanocomposites. Originality/value: The results show that because of the simplicity and availability the technology of manufacturing can find the practical application in the production of new light metal matrix nanocomposites. It has been found out that carbon nanotubes, used as reinforcing phase have the influence on the properties of metal matrix composites.
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Purpose: The goal of the paper is to develop technologies for manufacturing composite materials with casting aluminum alloy matrix reinforced by silicon AN AC-AlSi12 and to investigate the effect of the amount of the pore forming agent in the form of graphite MG 192 on the structure and properties of porous ceramic skeleton infiltrated with liquid aluminum alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The composite was manufactured by the use of porous material pressure infiltration method. Hardness test was carried out with Rockwell method in A scale. The wear resistance was measured by the use of TSM Instruments Tribometer. The tribomiter allows to realize dry friction wear mechanism conditions. Additionally the examinations on stereomicroscope of wear tracks were made. Findings: Composite materials reinforced by porous skeleton manufactured on the base Al2O3 particles show superior in mechanical properties and wear resistance than the aluminum alloy EN AC-AlSi12 constituting the matrix. The developed composite materials also have better wear resistance compared to the matrix. Practical implications: Tested composite materials can be applied in many industry branches, among others, in the automotive, aerospace industry and in manufacturing of professional sports equipment. Originality/value:The investigation results shows that the worked out technology of composite materials manufacturing can find the practical application in the production of near net shape and locally reinforced elements.
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Purpose: The purpose of this work is to present the method of wettability improvement of sintered Al2O3 preforms by deposition of Ni-P coating. Design/methodology/approach: The ceramic preforms were manufactured by sintering of powder Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500, with the addition of pores forming agent in the form of carbon fibres Sigrafil C10 M250 UNS of Company SGL Carbon Group. The internal surfaces of ceramic preforms were coated with Ni-P in order to improve the Al2O3 wettability by the liquid aluminium alloy. Coated by Ni-P ceramic preforms were pressure infiltrated with the liquid EN AC-AlSi12 alloy. Metallographic examinations were made in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) of the structures and chemical composition of obtained materials. Findings: Presented in this paper, deposition technology of Ni-P coating on the inner surfaces of ceramic preform can be used as a method of improving the wettability of porous Al2O3 ceramics by infiltrated liquid aluminium alloy. Practical implications: The composite materials made by the developed method can find application in many industries as the elements of devices where beside the benefits from utilizable properties the small weight is required. Originality/value: The obtained results show the possibility of manufacturing the composite materials by the pressure infiltration method of porous sintered preforms inner coated by Ni-P with liquid aluminium alloy being a cheaper alternative for conventional materials.
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Purpose: The purpose of this work is to present the influence of wettability improvement of sintered Al2O3 particles by deposition of Ni-P coating. Design/methodology/approach: The material for investigations was manufactured by pressure infiltration method of ceramic porous preforms. The eutectic aluminium alloy EN AC - AlSi12 was use as a matrix while as reinforcement were used ceramic preforms manufactured by sintering of Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500 powder with addition of pore forming agents as carbon fibres Sigrafil C10 M250 UNS, SGL Carbon Group Company. The Al2O3 was coated with the Ni-P alloy to improve the wettability of sintered particles. Metallographic examinations were made in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Findings: The obtained results indicate the possibility of obtaining new materials with all advantageous properties of the particular composite constituents by infiltration of the ceramics with the liquid aluminium alloy. Practical implications: The composite materials made by the developed method can find application as the alternative material for elements fabricated from conventional materials. Originality/value: The obtained results show the possibility of manufacturing the composite materials by the pressure infiltration method of porous sintered preforms based on the ceramic particles with liquid aluminium alloy being a cheaper alternative for materials reinforced by fibres.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present the research results of modern metal matrix composite materials. The matrix material was EN AC - AlSi12 alloy while the reinforcement ceramic performs. In order to investigate the influence of reinforcing phase’s shape on tribological properties the comparison was made between the composite material based on preforms obtained by Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500 powder sintered with addition of pore forming agent in form of carbon fibres Sigrafil C 10 M250 UNS from Carbon Group company and composite materials based on much more expensive commercial fibrous preforms. Design/methodology/approach: The composite was produced by the use of porous material pressure infiltration method. Obtained composite materials were examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. Hardness test was carried out with Rockwell method in A scale. Additionally, the wear resistance was measured by the use of device designed in the Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials. The device realize dry friction wear mechanism of reciprocating movement conditions. Findings: The obtained results show the possibility of manufacturing the new composite materials by the method of porous sintered framework pressure infiltration based on the ceramic particles, with desired microstructure and properties, being a cheaper alternative for materials with base of ceramic fibers. Practical implications: Tested composite materials can be apply among the others in automotive and aircraft industries. Originality/value: Worked out technology of composite materials manufacturing can be used in the production of near net shape and locally reinforced elements.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is application of statistical models in tribological properties simulation of composite materials based on porous ceramic preforms infiltrated by liquid aluminium alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The material for studies was produced by a method of pressure infiltration of the porous ceramic framework. In order to investigate the influence of reinforcing phase's shape the comparison was made between the properties of the composite material based on preforms obtained by Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500 powder sintered with addition of pore forming agent in form of carbon fibres Sigrafil C 10 M250 UNS from Carbon Group company and composite materials based on much more expensive commercial fibrous preforms. The wear resistance was measured by the use of device designed in the Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials. The device realize dry friction wear mechanism of reciprocating movement condition. The simulation of load and number of cycles influence on tribological properties was made by the use of statistical models. Findings: The received results show the possibility of obtaining the new composite materials with required tribological properties moreover those properties can by simulated by the use of statistical models. Practical implications: The composite materials made by the developed method can find application as the elements of devices where beside the benefits from utilizable properties the small weight is required (mainly in aircraft and motorization industries). Originality/value: Worked out statistical models can be used as helpful tool to predicate the wear of aluminium matrix composite materials in condition of dry friction.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is application of statistical models in tribological properties simulation of composite materials based on porous ceramic preforms infiltrated by liquid aluminium alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The material for studies was produced by a method of pressure infiltration of the porous ceramic framework. In order to investigate the influence of reinforcing phase's shape the comparison was made between the properties of the composite material based on preforms obtained by Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500 powder sintered with addition of pore forming agent in form of carbon fibres Sigrafil C 10 M250 UNS from Carbon Group company and composite materials based on much more expensive commercial fibrous preforms. The wear resistance was measured by the use of device designed in the Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials. The device realize dry friction wear mechanism of reciprocating movement condition. The simulation of load and number of cycles influence on tribological properties was made by the use of statistical models. Findings: The received results show the possibility of obtaining the new composite materials with required tribological properties moreover those properties can by simulated by the use of statistical models. Practical implications: The composite materials made by the developed method can find application as the elements of devices where beside the benefits from utilizable properties the small weight is required (mainly in aircraft and motorization industries). Originality/value: Worked out statistical models can be used as helpful tool to predicate the wear of aluminium matrix composite materials in condition of dry friction.
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Purpose: The main goal of this project is to elaborate and optimize the method of manufacturing the porous, ceramic preforms based on Al2O3 particles used as the reinforcement in order to produce modern metal matrix composites by pressure infiltration method with liquid metal alloys. Design/methodology/approach: Ceramic preforms were manufactured by the sintering method of Al2O3 powder with addition of pore forming agent. The preform material consists of powder Alcoa Al2O3 CL 2500, however, as the forming factor of the structure of canals and pores inside the ceramic, agglomerated framework the carbon fibres Sigrafil C10 M250 UNS were used. The addition of carbon fibres was 30, 40 and 50% of weight. The TGA analysis of carbon fibres has been made. The investigations of the structure of powder Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500, the used carbon fibres and the obtained ceramic preforms on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been made. The measurement of permeability of the obtained materials on the specially designed station has also been made. Findings: The obtained preforms are characterized by volumetric participation of ceramic phase of 15-31%, what is the result of differential addition of the pores forming agent, and the high permeability indicates on “the open porosity”. Research limitations/implications: The basic limit of the mentioned method is the possibility of obtaining preforms of porosity less than 85%, where in case of using the ceramic fibres the pores can be more than 90% of material volumetric. Practical implications: The manufactured ceramic preforms are widely used as the reinforcement to produce the composite materials by the infiltration method. That method allows manufacturing the metal elements locally reinforced and the near-net shape composite products. Originality/value: The received results show the possibility of obtaining the new preforms being the cheaper alternative for semi-finished products based on the ceramic fibres and the use of carbon fibres as the pores forming agent indicate that it is the high-quality process.
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Purpose: The aim of this work is to examine the structure and properties of metal matrix composites obtained by infiltration method of porous ceramic preforms by liquid aluminium alloy. Design/methodology/approach: Ceramic preforms were manufactured by the sintering method of ceramic powder. The preform material consists of powder Condea Al2O3 CL 2500, however, as the pore forming the carbon fibers Sigrafil C10 M250 UNS were used. Then ceramic preforms were infiltrated with liquid eutectic EN AC - AlSi12 aluminum alloy. Stereological and structure investigations of obtained composite materials were made on light microscope. The mechanical properties of obtained composite material were investigated in tensile strength test and hardness test. Findings: It was proved that developed technology of manufacturing of composite materials based on the porous ceramic Al2O3 preforms infiltrated by liquid aluminium alloy ensures expected structure and strength Hardness increased about twice compared to the matrix and this process can be used in practice. Practical implications: The presented metal matrix composites fabrication technology allows to obtain locally reinforced elements and near net shape products. Originality/value: Results show the possibility of obtaining the new aluminium matrix composite materials being the cheaper alternative for other materials based on the ceramic fibers.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is examination and simulation of tribological properties of composite materials based on porous ceramic preforms infiltrated by eutectic aluminium alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The material for investigations was fabricated by pressure infiltration method of ceramic porous preforms. The eutectic aluminium alloy EN AC - AlSi12 was use as a matrix while as reinforcement were used ceramic preforms fabricated by sintering of Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500 powder with addition of pore forming agents as carbon fibres Sigrafil C10 M250 UNS manufactured by SGL Carbon Group company. The wear resistance was measured by the use of device designed in the Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials. The device realize dry friction wear mechanism of reciprocating movement condition. The simulation of influence of load and number of cycles on tribological properties was by the use of neural networks made. Findings: The developed technology of manufacturing of composite materials with the pore ceramic Al2O3 infiltration ensures expected tribological properties moreover those properties can by simulated by the use of neural network. Practical implications: The composite materials made by the developed method can find application as the alternative material for elements fabricated from light metal matrix composite material reinforced with ceramic fibrous preforms. Originality/value: The obtained results show the possibility of manufacturing the composite materials with expected tribological properties by the pressure infiltration method of porous preforms based on the ceramic particles with liquid aluminium alloy.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present the technique of manufacturing the composite materials based on porous ceramic preforms infiltrated by liquid aluminium alloy and examination of the structure and corrosion resistance of those materials. Design/methodology/approach: The material for investigations was manufactured by pressure infiltration method of ceramic porous preforms. The eutectic aluminium alloy EN AC-AlSi12 was use as a matrix while as reinforcement were used ceramic preforms manufactured by sintering of Al₂O₃ Alcoa CL 2500 powder with addition of pore forming agents as carbon fibres Sigrafil C10 M250 UNS manufactured by SGL Carbon Group Company. To determine the corrosion resistance, corrosion test by potentiodynamic method were made consisting in registering the anode polarization curves using the measurements system consisting of the potentiostat PGP-201 working with the Radiometer Copenhagen VoltaMaster 4 software. Findings: The received results show the possibility of obtaining the new composite materials with required structure and corrosion resistance depends of the volume fraction of the reinforcing phase. Practical implications: The composite materials manufactured by the developed method can find application among the others in automotive, aircraft or marine industry as the alternative material for elements fabricated from unreinforced aluminium alloys. Originality/value: The obtained results show the possibility of manufacturing the composite materials by the method of porous sintered framework pressure infiltration based on the ceramic particles, characterized with the better corrosion resistance than aluminium alloy used as the matrix.
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Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to show and compare of modern method composite materials with aluminium alloy matrix reinforced by Al2O3 particles manufacturing. Design/methodology/approach: Material for investigation was manufactured by two methods: powder metallurgy (consolidation, pressing, hot extrusion of powder mixtures of aluminium EN AW-AlCu4Mg1(A) and ceramic particles Al2O3) and pressure infiltration of porous performs by liquid alloy EN AC AlSi12 (performs were prepared by sintering of Al2O3 powder with addition of pores forming agent-carbon fibers). Findings: The received results show the possibility of obtaining the new composite materials with required structure joining positive properties composite materials components. Practical implications: Tested composite materials can be applicate among the others in automotive industry but it requires additional researches. Originality/value: Worked out technologies of composite materials manufacturing can be used in the production of small elements near net shape and locally reinforced elements.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is application of neural networks in tribological properties simulation of composite materials based on porous ceramic preforms infiltrated by liquid aluminium alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The material for investigations was manufactured by pressure infiltration method of ceramic porous preforms. The eutectic aluminium alloy EN AC – AlSi12 was use as a matrix while as reinforcement were used ceramic preforms manufactured by sintering of Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500 powder with addition of pore forming agents as carbon fibres Sigrafil C10 M250 UNS manufactured by SGL Carbon Group Company. The wear resistance was measured by the use of device designed in the Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials. The device realize dry friction wear mechanism of reciprocating movement condition. The simulation of load and number of cycles influence on tribological properties was made by the use of neural networks. Findings: The received results show the possibility of obtaining the new composite materials with required tribological properties moreover those properties can by simulated by the use of neural networks. Practical implications: The composite materials made by the developed method can find application among the others in automotive industry as the alternative material for elements fabricated from light metal matrix composite material reinforced with ceramic fibers. Originality/value: Worked out model of neural network can be used as helpful tool to prediction the wear of aluminium matrix composite materials In condition of dry friction.
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