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1

Variations of tree ring width and chemical composition of wood of pine growing in the area nearby chemical factories

Sensuła B., Wilczyński S., Monin L., Allan M., Pazdur A., Fagel N.

Geochronometria

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2017

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Vol. 44, no. 1

226--239

EN

This study reports the variation of tree-ring widths and annual variation of concentration of metals (Na, Mg, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) in pine growing nearby chemical factories. The conifers (Pinus silvestris L.) investigated in this study covered the time span from 1920s to 2010 AD. Tree-ring widths were measured, dated and rechecked using the COFECHA. Radial trace-element profiles were determined by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The combined usage of tree ring width and chemical composition of wood provides historic records of anthropogenic impact on the environment and allows identifying the behavior adaptation of trees to the pollution. Data of pine tree cores collected from the sites nearby chemical factories show increasing levels of pollution linked to the increasing of industrial activities in Poland and subsequent dust fallout around the site. This study evidences that tree rings can be used as archives of past environmental contamination.

2

Progress in the Holocene chrono-climatostratigraphy of Polish territory

Starkel L., Michczyńska D. J., Krąpiec M., Margielewski W., Nalepka D., Pazdur A.

Geochronometria

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2013

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Vol. 40, no. 1

1-21

EN

The Holocene delivers a unique possibility to establish climatic stratigraphic boundaries based on detailed chronostratigraphy reflected in various facies of continental sediments, in their lith-ological parameters and organic remains. These sediments are dated by the 14C method in the case of organic remains, by counting annual laminations in lacustrine facies, and by dendrochronological method in the case of fluvial sediments. The existence of well dated profiles enables to reconstruct various climatic parameters like ampli-tudes of seasonal temperatures, types and frequency of extreme rainfalls and floods and, finally, to distinguish rare rapid changes and most frequent gradual ones. This reconstruction is based on the analogous effects of various types of present-day rainfalls. The current authors present a critical review of existing chronostratigraphic divisions starting from simple millennial division by Mangerud based on Scandinavian palynological stratigraphy of peat-bogs and Starkel's concept based on fluctuations in rainfall and runoff regime reflected in fluvial and other facies of continental deposits. In the last decades, the calibration of 14C dates allowed a new approach to be used for the construction of the probability distribution function of these dates in various facies or types of sediments, which formed a background for distinguishing and correlating climatic phases and defining boundaries be-tween them. These approaches have been creating new opportunities for revision of the existing chronostratigraphy. The aim of this paper is to present a revised version of chronostratigraphic division based on climatic fluctuations reflected in various facies of sediments on the territory of Poland and discuss their corre-lation with other European regions and global climatic changes.

3

Peculiarities of sedimentation conditions in the oxbow lakes of Dubysa River (Lithuania)

Gaigalas A., Pazdur A., Michczynski D., Pawlyta J., Kleišmantas A., Melešyte M., Rudnickaite E., Kazakauskas V., Vainorius J.

Geochronometria

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2013

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Vol. 40, no. 1

22-32

EN

Abundant wood remains and buried trees have been found in the western part of Lithuania near Zakeliškiai and Lyduv?nai on Dubysa River (a tributary of Nemunas River) where deposits are rich in organic remnants and buried soils. In Zakeliškiai and Skiručiai sections of Dubysa River ox-bow sediments were investigated by various methods (dendrochronological, carbonate, granulometric, pollen and mollusc fauna analysis). In addition, these sections were dated using the radiocarbon method. Samples were collected from deposits of Dubysa River outcrops. The studied oxbow lakes have existed for more than 5 thousand years (from ca. 4300 BC to 1000 AD). During this period or-ganic rich deposits with trees and branches were formed in the oxbow lake. This indicates that at the end of Atlantic, during Subboreal and in the early Subatlantic periods there was a forest growing that contained mainly oaks which were falling down into an oxbow lake and later were covered by sandy and silty deposits. The granulometry of alluvial deposits, as well as the mixture of medium-grained sand and silt show different stages of Dubysa River palaeochannel formation: riverbed and oxbow lakes. Three climate warming cycles were revealed according to carbonate analysis data in all investi-gated sections. The rheophile thermophilous Holocene age molluscs species Bithynia tentaculata L., Unio cf. crassus Philipsson, Pisidium amnicum (Müller), Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus) have been found. The pollen composition and sequences have been divided into five local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZ) and described according to pollen spectra in each zone. In this way it is possible restore palaeoclimatic coherent evolution, trends and cyclical change.

4

Influence of climate change on carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation factors between glucose and α-cellulose of pine wood

Sensuła B., Pazdur A.

Geochronometria

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2013

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Vol. 40, no. 2

145--152

EN

We present the first analysis of the influence of climate change on carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation factors for two saccharides (glucose and α-cellulose ) of pine wood. The conifers grew in the Niepołomice Forest in Poland and the annual rings covered a time span from 1935 to 2000 AD. Glucose samples from acid hydrolysis of α-cellulose were extracted from annual tree rings. The carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation factors between glucose and α-cellulose were not stable over time. The mean value for the carbon isotope fractionation factors between glucose and α-cellulose was greater than unity. The mean value for the oxygen isotope fractionation factors be-tween glucose and α-cellulose was lower than unity. We established, with respect to climate change, the significance of the interannual and intraannual variation in the carbon and oxygen isotope frac-tionation factors between both saccharides. We used moving interval correlation results for May of the previous year through September of the current year using a base length of 48 years. The relation-ship with summer temperature is the main climate signal in the carbon isotope fractionation factor be-tween glucose and α-cellulose. The relationship with autumn sunshine is the main climate signal in the oxygen isotope fractionation factor between glucose and α-cellulose for the tree ring chronology.

5

Cretaceous aggregate and reservoir effect in dating of binding materials

Michalska D., Pazdur A., Czernik J., Szczepaniak M., Żurakowska M.

Geochronometria

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2013

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Vol. 40, no. 1

33-41

EN

Lime mortars may contain carbon from different origins. If the mortars are made of totally burnt lime, radiocarbon dating yields the true age of building construction. The presence of carbona-ceous aggregates gives the so-called dead carbon effect, which may generate older ages. Another source of carbon is charcoal present in mortars. An attempt has been made to apply the radiocarbon method to mortars of archaeologically estimated age from the Dead Sea region. Petrographical anal-yses of these samples show the carbonaceous character of the binder and large amounts of limestone aggregate. Determination of the mineral composition of the mortars and comparison with the geology of the surrounding, allows the provenance of the raw materials to be identified. They probably repre-sent the Cretaceous rocks of the Judea Group. Separate radiocarbon dates were made on bulk mortar samples, binder, charcoal fragments and sepa-rated fractions from mortars. In the case of binder-aggregate mixture the reservoir effect correction has been applied.

6

Upper Holocene development of vegetation and radiocarbon dating in the vicinity of the Cerhovka Brook (Bohemian-Moravian Uplands, Czech Republic)

Břízová E., Pazdur A., Piotrowska N.

Geochronometria

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2012

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Vol. 39, no. 4

251-261

EN

The paper reports the results of a palynological study of a newly exposed section in the peat sediments of Bezděkov site and its correlation with the previous palaeobotanical studies. The main goal was to elucidate the stratigraphic position and paleogeographic development of fossil peat bog and its environment in the Protected Landscape Area Žďárské vrchy and Železné hory in the Bohemian-Moravian Uplands. The development of peatbog vegetation, as shown by the pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating, took place in the Holocene. Pollen analyses provide evidence for occurrences of wetland assemblages with huge representation of alder wood in all the part of succession, followed by willow near the Cerhovka Brook. Alnus and Abies were the dominant trees during all the time. The deciduous forests consist of elm (Ulmus), oak (Quercus), lime tree (Tilia), maple (Acer) and hazel (Corylus). The mosaic picture of woodland and wetland, which covered this landscape during the Up-per Holocene, contrasts with the present day monotonous open lowland. Sediments of the peat bog provide information on the origin and vegetation evolution of this area.

7

Interdisciplinary studies of spring mire deposits from Radzików (South Podlasie Lowland, east Poland) and their significance for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions

Dobrowolski R., Pidek I. A., Alexandrowicz W. P., Hałas S., Pazdur A., Piotrowska N., Buczek A., Urban D., Melke J.

Geochronometria

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2012

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Vol. 39, no. 1

10-29

EN

The paper presents the results of interdisciplinary (multi-proxy) palaeoenvironmental studies of peat – calcareous tufa depositional sequences of spring mire from Radzików site (east Poland). Analyses of three biotic proxies (plant macrofossils, pollen, molluscs) were supplemented with sedi-mentological, geochemical, oxygen and carbon stable isotopes analyses and radiocarbon dating and used for reconstruction of environmental changes in Late Glacial and Holocene. The obtained results enable us to (1) reconstruct main phases of mire development and (2) determine environmental fac-tors influencing changes of water supply. The object started to develop in Allerød. The Late Glacial and Early Holocene deposit sequence is relatively thick (about 1.0 m), with good palaeoecological record. The boundary between Younger Dryas and Preboreal is especially well confirmed by palynological and malacological analyses as well as radiocarbon dating. The Mesoholocene deposits are considerably worse preserved. Mire develop-ment was evaluated in terms of general mire ecology.

8

Record of the meso- and neoholocene palaeoenvironmental changes in the Jesionowa landslide peat bog (Beskid Sądecki MTS. Polish Outer Carpathians)

Margielewski W., Kołaczek P., Michczyński A., Obidowicz A., Pazdur A.

Geochronometria

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2011

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Vol. 38, no. 2

138-154

EN

The paper presents an analysis of depositional sequences of landslide peat bog situated in the depressions developed within the landslide landforms Jesionowa in the Beskid Sądecki Mts. (Outer Carpathians). The peat bog, with depositional sequence 2.80 m long, started to form at the begin-ning of the Atlantic Phase ca. 6390-5910 cal BC. Palynological and lithological analyses as well as several (14) radiocarbon age determinations of different horizons in the sediments enabled the recon-struction of palaeoenvironmental changes during the Meso-and Neoholocene. The increase in climate humidity at the beginning of the Subboreal and Subatlantic Phases was observed as delivery of minerogenic material to the peat bog basin and formation of a mineral horizon and an illuvial level within the peat. The particularly intensive delivery of allochthonous material to the peat bog took place at the beginning of the Subboreal Phase and was the result of both significant humid climate and increased human impact (colonization of the Funnel Beaker Culture) in the landslide area. Similar influence of younger colonisations of landslide area (Przeworsk Culture and, later, Valachian coloni-sation) was also recorded within the deposits of peat bog (illuvial and mineral horizons) in the early Subatlantic Phase. Rejuvenation of the landslide zone and formation of the younger landslide were connected with the increase in climate humidity at the beginning of the Subboreal Phase. The peat bog deposits situated within this younger landslide, which are ca. 1.8 m thick, are significantly con-taminated with mineral material.

9

Radiocarbon dating of peat profile with metallurgy industry evidence

Tudyka K., Pazdur A.

Geochronometria

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2010

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Vol. 35

3-9

EN

In this work an age model for a peat core from the site near Żyglin, based on 14C is presented. The investigated profile is marked with some possible evidence of early human activity in this region. The earliest metallurgy industry is expected to correspond with charcoal production and the recent increase of metal content in this profile. In this work the Quantulus 1220TM recently purchased was used for 14C dating with liquid scintillation counting (LSC) technique. Therefore results of calibration, tests and verification with use of samples from inter-comparison programs (VIRI, FIRI) are also presented.

10

Możliwości rekonstrukcji zdarzeń ekstremalnych na podstawie dużych zbiorów dat 14C

Michczyńska D. J., Michczyński A., Pazdur A., Starkel L.

Landform Analysis

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2008

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Vol. 8

53--55

11

Chronology of buried soils, forest fires and extreme migration of dunes on the Kuršių nerija spit (Lithuanian coast)

Gaigalas A., Pazdur A.

Landform Analysis

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2008

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Vol. 9

187--191

12

Changes of natural environment in Kraków downtown - its chronology and directions. Case geoarchaeological studies of Krupnicza street site

Sokołowski T., Wacnik A., Wardas M., Pawlikowski M., Pazdur A., Madeja J., Woronko B., Madej P.

Geochronometria

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2008

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Vol. 31

7-19

EN

Sediments exposed in a construction excavation form a sequence: alluvial deposits > black soil > made ground. Peat-like deposits, organic muds and occasionally sand occur between the soil and the made ground. High aeolization of alluvial sediments allows relating their age to the Late Vistulian. The sediments were eroded and in the washout at first organic muds were deposited and subsequently sands. The lowest layer, radiocarbon-dated at 4510±60 uncal. years BP (Gd-12724), can be probably linked to climate moistening at the transition between the Holocene Atlantic and the Subboreal period. Pollen grains found in muds, black soil and peat-like deposits reflect the changes of local plant cover from dominated by pine woodlands (at the transition between the Atlantic and the Subboreal period) to strongly deforested with single trees, meadows, small crop fields and gardens in the Medieval period. Palynological results describing the character of vegetation might have been influenced also by direct human activity on site, e.g. by storage of wood and branches (then used as construction material or fuel), crops, fodder or waste. Microartefacts found in soil suggest metal processing in the vicinity during the Bronze Age. In the made ground, which has been accumulating since the 14th century, quartz, clay minerals and micas were identified together with fragments of bricks, concrete, ceramics, bones, slag, charcoal, organic matter, limestone fragments and metals. Horizons enriched in slag fragments are also high in metals: Fe, Mn and Pb, which reveal a twofold increase in metal processing activity.

13

Issue of actual chronology of a Romanesque chapel at the Wleń castle (Lower Silesia, Poland) in the light of mortar radiocarbon dating

Michniewicz J., Nawrocka D., Pazdur A., Żurakowska M.

Geochronometria

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2007

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Vol. 26

31-33

EN

The presented work discusses results of radiocarbon dating of lime mortars sampled from walls of a Romanesque chapel at the Wleń castle. Considering a homogeneous structure of the mortars, an attempt to determine the chronology was made. Radiocarbon dating was carried out both on carbonate binders and laboratory-selected charcoals from the mortars. According to obtained data, charcoal ages are older than the age of the binders. Assuming the 12th century chronology of the chapel's erection to be correct, it was found that the applied method did not provide the result which is consistent with archaeological estimations.

14

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotopes in pine and oak tree rings from Southern Poland as climatic indicators in years 1900 - 2003

Szczepanek M., Pazdur A., Pawełczyk S., Böttger T., Haupt M., Hałas S., Bednarz Z., Krąpiec M., Szychowska-Krąpiec E.

Geochronometria

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2006

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Vol. 25

67-76

EN

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in tree rings are sensitive indicators of climate changes. We have measured carbon, oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in ?-cellulose extracted from annual rings of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) growing in the Niepołomice Forest, Southern Poland. The presented isotope records cover the period 1900-2003. In this paper we compare the values of δ13C, δ18O and δ2H observed in the wholewood of pine and in the latewood of oak with meteorological data (temperature, precipitation and sunshine). The highest significant values of correlation coefficients calculated between δ13C and the meteorological data are: -0.26 for temperature, 0.25 for precipitation and 0.41 for sunshine. On the basis of our investigations we deduced that pine is a more sensitive indicator of environmental changes than oak. Our investigation proves that the best indicators are: hydrogen for summer temperature and oxygen for summer precipitation. We noticed a rapid decrease of pine δ13C values in 1966 from -22.46‰ to -24.64‰.

15

Carbon and oxygen isotope composition of organic matter and carbonates in recent lacustrine sediments

Sensuła B., Böttger T., Pazdur A., Piotrowska N., Wagner R.

Geochronometria

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2006

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Vol. 25

77-94

EN

The distribution of stable isotopes (18O and 13C) and radiocarbon in organic materials, carbonates and water samples collected from the environment of lacustrine sediments in Gościąż Lake (Central Poland) and Wigry Lake (NE Poland) were investigated. The oxygen and carbon isotopic analysis of terrestrial semi submerged and submerged plants, shells and water samples were compared with the results of the uppermost sediments from lakes. It was found that the concentration of isotopes in different components of organic and carbonate materials in lakes and their environments are reflected in isotope composition averaging of lakes sediments, whereas the isotope composition of plants and carbonate depends on biogeochemical factors. The research carried out revealed significant variations in the distribution of the stable isotopes and 14C in different elements of lacustrine ecosystem. We have analyzed mean values and variations of 14C concentration, δ18O, δ13C of plants, carbonates and the relationship between the total content of carbon and δ13C. In the case of plants, the isotope composition depends also on the physiognomy and the photosynthesis pathway. We noticed variations in δ13C and δ18O within plant tissues, variations in δ13C among whole tissue material and alphacellulose, carbon isotopic composition of photosynthetically fixed carbon and syntaxonomic dependences and then we compared the results of isotope composition of plants and carbonates in Wigry Lake and Gościąż Lake.

16

Carbon-13 in alpha-cellulose of oak latewood (Jędrzejów, Southern Poland) during the Maunder Minimum

Pazdur A., Korput S., Fogtman M., Szczepanek M., Hałas S., Krąpiec M., Szychowska-Krąpiec E.

Geological Quarterly

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2005

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Vol. 49, No. 2

165-172

EN

We have studied the δ13C signature in latewood alpha-cellulose of an ancient oak (Quercus robur L.) from a Cisterian Abbey belfry in Jędrzejów (Southern Poland). The time scale for the delta 13C record during 1631-1765 AD was built on the basis of detailed dendrochronology studies. Techniques available for extraction of alpha-cellulose from small samples have been used, the mean value of alpha-cellulose extraction efficiency being ca. 35%. In the delta 13C record of alpha-cellulose the cooling between 1650-1700 AD is clearly visible as a decrease of about 1.5‰. This period is consistent with the interval of the lowest solaractivity between 1645 and 1715 AD, which is known as the Maunder Minimum. Anti-correlation between δ13C and δ13C during the Maunder Minimum was observed but δ13C record is delayed by about 30 years with respect to the Maunder Minimum.

17

Radiocarbon concentration in urban area

Rakowski A. Z., Kuc T., Nakamura T., Pazdur A.

Geochronometria

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2005

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Vol. 24

63-68

EN

Radiocarbon concentration has decreased in recent years due to the exchange of 14CO2 between the atmosphere and the oceans, but also due to 12CO2 emission from burning fossil fuels. This second phenomenon known as Suess effect can be observed in the highly industrialized and/or urban areas. New data of radiocarbon concentration in tree rings from Nagoya (Central Japan) and Kraków (Poland), which covered last 20 years, were obtained recently. These data were used to find the relationship between the radiocarbon concentrations in atmosphere and biosphere. Additionally, data of radiocarbon concentration in atmospheric CO2 in Kraków were compared with those derived from annual tree rings, to calculate the time of CO2 uptake for pine trees in this region. These data show that radiocarbon concentration of the CO2 in .urban air. is systematically lower than that in "clean air". Data of radiocarbon concentration were fitted by exponential and linear functions to calculate the time of exchange and predict the future level. Using data of carbon dioxide and radiocarbon concentration from Schauinsland fossil component Cf in carbon dioxide concentration level was calculated in Nagoya and Kraków.

18

Application of radiocarbon method for dating of lime mortars

Nawrocka D., Michniewicz J., Pawlyta J., Pazdur A.

Geochronometria

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2005

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Vol. 24

109-115

EN

The presented work shows the methodological problems of mortar radiocarbon dating. Dating of lime mortars is based on setting the present 14C concentration of atmospheric CO2 by mortar carbonates in the hardening process. The big difficulty is the presence of aggregate, especially carbonatious one. The application of limestone fragments as aggregate in mortar, is connected with the presence of carbon partially or completely devoid of the radioactive isotope 14C. To carry out radiocarbon dating of the mortars reliably, it was necessary to remove the limestone aggregates. In this context, the application of petrographic studies that enable determination of mineral composition and the percentage of aggregate turns out to be particularly important. Such an identification allows to reconstruct mortar technology and, in combination with geological studies on the investigated terrain, helps to identify the provenance of the applied raw material. To make possible the comparison of the analysed mortar results and the verification of the applied methods, in year 2001 control mortars (mortars with established age) were used. The analyses were performed on mortars from a Romanesque castle built in the years 1177-1230 AD (Wleń, SW part of Poland) and from roman buildings with an approximate age of 140BC-68 AD (west coast of the Dead Sea,). We present the complex study of the mortar including both petrographical analyses and radiocarbon dating. The gas proportional counting technique (GPC) was applied for radiocarbon dating. Thin sections of roman mortars showed the carbonatious character of the binder and a large part of the aggregate; this was the source of the apparent age in radiocarbon dating. In spite of efforts to eliminate the lime aggregate from the mortar (by freezing, warming up, and separating under the binocular), and taking into consideration the amount of old carbon admixture derived from the carbon stable isotopes composition, there is still a great disproportion between historical and radiocarbon dating of these mortars. The results of the 14C dating show, that improvement of the binder-aggregate separation process is necessary. The mortar aggregate from the Polish castle samples does not contain limestone grits, only scarce quartz grains. These Romanesque mortars were tested successfully and the existing architectural and historical data confirm the results obtained by GPC.

19

Statistical analysis of radiocarbon dates as a tool for reconstruction of the environmental changes

Michczyńska D. J., Michczyński A., Pazdur A., Rotnicki K.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2004

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Vol. 11

109-112

EN

Statistical analysis of large sets of 14C dates may be a source of information on global or regional environmental changes. Since the nineteen seventies, an analysis of the frequency distribution on a time scale of 14C-dated samples has been carried out for several selected geographic regions. This paper presents basics of the applied method and examples of cumulative probability density functions constructed for 14C dates of peat from territory of Poland. It is emphasised that preferential sampling plays an important role in such a type of analysis. The problem of absolute age determination has been discussed, too.

20

RoS - a new database system in the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory

Piotrowska N., Szczepanek M., Pazdur A., Zajadacz W.

Geochronometria

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2004

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Vol. 23

51-57

EN

The idea of creating radiocarbon database came up in late 80.s. In this time the staff of the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory started developing the local database GdRDB that should contain all dates of samples measured in this laboratory. This first database had a simple structure - only one file. Later modification of GdRDB database in 1994 introduced changes in its structure, and the modified database had seven files. The modification was made in order to adapt GdRDB to databases already existing (in Japan, Great Britain and Yugoslavia) and to make it match the standard established by the International Radiocarbon Database (IRDB). The new database system was developed in the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory in 2002. This system consists of five relational databases containing all information about submitters and institutions, samples, sites and the dating process. The access to these databases and management of data is provided through an application called Register of Samples Editor (RoSE). The RoS system is supplied with the Data Analyse application enabling analyses of database content and Web Assistant programme, which generates web pages containing information about dated archival samples.