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Pickering emulsion polymerization of styrene towards alfa-functionalized polystyrene latex: parameters and process conditions

Tercki Dariusz, Orlińska Beata, Słotwińska Dominika, Sajdak Marcin

Polimery

2023

Vol. 68, nr 4

206--214

Polymerization conditions in the Pickering emulsion of colloidal silica-stabilized polystyrene latex were optimized. The influence of process conditions on various parameters, including particle size and distribution was investigated. Monomodal particles distribution was obtained by conducting the process at a temperature of 80°C in a slightly acidic environment (pH = 5), while maintaining fast monomer conversion. It has been shown that the amount of stabilizer used in the polymerization process affects the rate of polymerization, therefore the temperature of the process should be adjusted to the amount of colloidal silica used in the process.

Zoptymalizowano warunki polimeryzacji w emulsji Pickeringa lateksów polistyrenowych stabilizowanych krzemionką koloidalną. Zbadano wpływ warunków procesu na m.in wielkość i rozkład cząstek. Monomodalny rozkład cząstek uzyskano prowadząc proces w temperaturze 80°C w środowisku lekko kwaśnym (pH = 5), przy zachowaniu szybkiej konwersji monomeru. Wykazano, że ilość stabilizatora użytego w procesie polimeryzacji wpływa na szybkość polimeryzacji, dlatego też temperatura procesu powinna być dostosowana do ilości używanej w procesie krzemionki koloidalnej.

Significant waste properties in terms of applicability in the power industry

Nowak Martyna, Stelmach Sławomir, Sajdak Marcin

Environment Protection Engineering

2019

Vol. 45, nr 4

75--85

The aim of the article is to present the physical and chemical properties of the refuse derived fuel (RDF) substrates, which have a significant impact on the energy recovery process in power plants. The experimental part includes technical (moisture and ash content, net and gross calorific values) and elemental analyses (sulfur, chlorine and mercury content), biomass and non-biomass concentration in the samples. In order to carry out the analysis of reactor slagging and fouling risk, chemical composition of the ash and characteristic ash fusion temperatures were determined. The waste samples are heterogeneous material and their properties are diversified – the moisture content ranges from 1.8 to 29.2 wt. %, the net calorific value from 17.231 to 28.307 MJ/kg, the ash content in the samples from 7.7 to 31.2 wt. %. The S content is in the range from 0.04 to 0.58 wt. %, the Cl content from 0.58 to 2.11 wt. % and the Hg content in the samples from 0.09 to 0.20 mg/kg. It can be observed, that the tested waste is a demanding fuel, because of its unfavorable fouling and slagging properties, which are directly related to the content of oxides with the basic properties.