Groundings and collisions still represent the highest percentage of marine accidents despite the current attention on Maritime Education and Training and the improvement of sensor capability. Most of the time, a collision is caused by a human error with consequences ranging from moderate to severe, with a substantial impact on both environment and life safeguarded at sea. In this paper, a brief statistical data regarding human element as a root cause of marine incidents together with collision regulations misunderstanding is presented as a background chapter. Furthermore, the present work discusses a decision support system architecture to suggest an appropriate action when the risk of a potential collision is detected. The proposed architecture system is based on various modules integrated with proper sensor input data regarding the surrounding navigation area. As a result, the tool can support the Officers of Watch in the decision-making process providing an early suggestion in compliance with the COLlision REGulations. The proposed system is intended to be used onboard independently from the degree of automation of the ship, and it is based on AIS, which is mandatory, making it widely applicable. The proper use of the system can considerably reduce the number of collisions, as demonstrated by the obtained results.
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One of the main goals of Explicit Constructive Logic (ECL) is to provide a constructive formulation of Full (Classical) Higher Order Logic LKω that can be seen as a foundation for knowledge representation. ECL is introduced as a subsystem Zω of LKω. The first order case Z1 and the propositional case Z0 of ECL are examined as well. A comparison of constructivism from the point of view of ECL and of the corresponding features of Intuitionistic Logic, and Constructive Paraconsistent Logic is proposed.
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