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1

The Effect of Subsoiling on Changes of Compaction and Water Permeability of Silt Loam

Borek Ł., Bogdał A., Ostrowski K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2018

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Tom 20, cz. 1

538--557

EN

Soil, as the top layer of the Earth's surface, is a natural medium for the growth of plants. It is estimated that 95% of global food comes from our soils so we depend on the soil. About 33% of global soil is moderately to highly degraded. Soil compaction, caused by the mechanization of field treatments, is one of the major problems in agriculture nowadays. Subsoiling is one of the ways to reduce soil compaction and improve the air-water properties of arable soils. An assessment of the effect of subsoiling on the degree of compaction and water permeability of silt loam is presented in this paper. Soil tests were carried out in arable land, situated in the Racibórz and Kraków districts in the south of Poland. The results of the research show positive effects of subsoiling on the air-water relationship in the soil. In the majority of profiles, an increase in the percentage of total porosity in the first and second genetic horizons of the subsoiled soil was observed. The assessment of the efficacy of the subsoiling of heavy soils indicates a statistically significant decrease in bulk density for the topsoil and subsoil and a significant increase in steady infiltration only in the topsoil. The results show that subsoiling of arable compacted soils is justified, because in the case of slight deficiencies or excess water in the soil it may be a sufficient treatment to regulate air and water relationship, without the need for costly technical drainage. In addition, increasing the porosity and water permeability of soil should reduce surface runoff and thus reduce the phenomenon of erosion.

PL

Gleba jako naturalne środowisko rozwoju roślin w około 95% odpowiada za produkcję żywności. Około 33% światowego areału gleb jest średnio lub silnie zdegradowanych. Jedną z istotnych przyczyn degradacji gleb jest jej nadmierne zagęszczenie powodowane przez mechanizację prac polowych. Ograniczaniu zagęszczania gleb sprzyjają zabiegi agromelioracyjne – w tym głębokie spulchnianie, tzw. głęboszowanie – które wpływa na optymalizację warunków powietrzno-wodnych w glebie oraz na wzrost plonu roślin. W pracy oceniono wpływ zabiegu głęboszowania na zmiany zagęszczenia i przepuszczalności wodnej gleb pyłowo-ilastych. Badania prowadzono na gruntach ornych dwóch obiektów rolniczych położonych w powiecie raciborskim i powiecie krakowskim. W pracy wykazano, że zabieg głębokiego spulchniania spowodował statystycznie istotne zmniejszenie gęstości objętościowej (zagęszczenia) gleb zwięzłych w warstwach ornych i podornych oraz zwiększenie infiltracji ustalonej, które tylko w warstwie ornej okazało się statystycznie istotne. Uzyskane wyniki badań potwierdzają, że głęboszowanie zagęszczonych zwięzłych gleb uprawnych jest uzasadnione, ponieważ w przypadku wystąpienia niewielkich niedoborów lub nadmiarów wody w glebie może okazać się zabiegiem wystarczającym do uregulowania stosunków powietrzno-wodnych, bez konieczności wykonywania kosztownych melioracji technicznych. Ponadto, zwiększenie porowatości oraz wodoprzepuszczalności gleby powinno zmniejszać spływy powierzchniowe i tym samym ograniczyć zjawiska erozyjne.

2

Rainwater Management in Protected Areas

Żarnowiec W., Bogdał A., Kowalik T., Kanownik W., Ostrowski K., Rajda W.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 2

69--77

EN

The aim of the study was to find out whether the climate of southern Poland allows for removing rainwater from industrial areas by evaporation from roof surfaces. The study covered the premises of a Logistics Centre with an approximate area of 34 hectares, located in the catchment of the Wedonka stream and in the region of water intake for Kraków at the Rudawa river. In the future, the Centre will comprise nine large warehouses. Road traffic associated with the project will cause potential risks for groundwater and surface water of this protected area. Therefore, the Centre’s investor decided to evaporate rainwater from the premises. To establish advisability of this plan, the study team designed and built a unique experimental station consisting of experimental roof, a tank for collecting water for the sprinkler system, system for delivering, distributing and discharging water from the roof, measuring tilt tray, automatic meteorological station, and electronic devices for recording measurement data. The research on the experimental station was carried out from April to October in 2011 and 2012 and included continuous measurements of the volume of water supplied to and discharged from the roof. Moreover, the temperature of the roof and water in the tank and the number of important meteorological parameters were measured. The difference between supplied and discharged water, divided by the wetted surface of the roof, helped to determine thickness of the evaporation layer in millimeters. The study confirmed the possibility of removing potentially contaminated rainwater by evaporating it from roof surfaces of the Logistics Centre located near Kraków at an average rate of 5.9 dm3·m–2·d–1. However, due to high seasonal variability of rainfall and air temperature, it is necessary to temporarily collect water in an expansion tank of suitable capacity.

3

Seasonal Variability of Physicochemical Parameters of Water Quality on Length of Uszwica River

Bogdał A., Kowalik T., Ostrowski K., Skowron P.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 1

161--170

EN

The Uszwica river catchment is located in the central part of Lesser Poland province, within Brzeski and Bocheński districts. The river is 61.2 km long, and its catchment area is 322.5 km2. It is characterized by forest-agricultural land use and high share of residential areas of both compact (the city of Brzesko) and dispersed nature. In the abiotic terms, the Uszwica in its upper course may be classified as a flysch stream (type 12). From the moment of joining the Niedźwiedź, stream until its discharge into the Vistula at km 151+700 it is a sand and clay lowland river (type 19). Hydrochemical research were conducted in the years 2011 and 2012 at two measurement-control points – one located near the mouth of the river (point 1) and one located about 7.5 km downstream from the city of Brzesko (point 2). Each month 18 water quality parameters were determined and they underwent comparative and statistical analyses. Basic descriptive statistics were calculated for both measurement-control points. Then, they were used to determine the ecological potential of the river and to evaluate water quality parameters with respect to its suitability as fish habitat and eutrophication risk. Significance of differences between the values of individual parameters recorded at different measurement-control points was estimated using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test for α = 0.05. The same test was used to determine the significance of differences between individual parameters for the winter and summer season at each point. Analysis of the results revealed that water flowing via developed areas (point 2) was significantly less saturated with oxygen and contained higher amounts of suspended solids, organic matter and nutrients, as compared to the section of the river flowing mainly through extensively used agricultural areas. Therefore, the ecological potential of the river was considered good in its lower course and poor upstream from point 2. Disturbances in seasonal concentrations of some biogenic factors indicated high degree of water pollution in the middle course of the Uszwica. However, due to intense self-purification, water quality in the lower course was similar to that in natural conditions. On the entire investigated section of the Uszwica does not meet water quality requirements for salmonids and cyprinids, but the habitats are more favorable near the mouth of the river. Waterassessed at point 2 may be classified as eutrophic due to high concentration of total phosphorus.

4

Zmiany wartości wskaźników jakości wody wraz z głębokością przy ujęciu wody pitnej ze zbiornika Dopczyce

Bogdał A., Policht-Latawiec A., Kołdras S.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 2

1239--1258

EN

The paper presents a comparative and statistical analysis of the changes of water quality indices values with depth on the water intake from Dobczyce reservoir. Moreover, seasonal variability of the tested indices was analysed and water quality with its usable values were assessed. Dobczyce reservoir is a 12 km long and 1.0 km wide submountain dam reservoir. The reservoir area at the maximum impoundment level (maximum water level) is 915 ha, its capacity 112.1 mln m3 and mean depth 10.2 m. It is situated 20 south of Krakow, in the malopolskie voivodship, myślenicki county. Raw water from the reservoir is collected on tower intake which makes possible water intake from three depth levels. Real water extraction on the intake is about 1.0 m3 ∙s-1, guaranteed 2.5 m3 ∙ s-1 and permissible 5.5 m3 ∙ s-1. The investigations conducted in 2008 and 2009 covered selected physicochemical water indices: the temperature, pH, turbidity, electrolytic conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, silica, phosphates, total phosphorus, as well as bioindicator – chlorophyll „a”. At weekly intervals, water samples for laboratory analyses were collected from three depth levels of the reservoir directly at the tower water intake for Krakow. Physicochemical and biological analyses, using referential methods were conducted in the Laboratory of the Municipal Waterworks and Sewer Enterprise in Krakow. For each analysed index mean values for 2008 and 2009 and for the 2008–2009 period of analyses were computed, divided into the winter (October-March) and summer (April-September) half year and for the calendar year (January-December). Statistical significance of the differences between the values of individual indices registered on various depth levels on the reservoir were estimated by nonparametric U Manna-Whitney’a significance test, on α = 0.05. For all investigated indices box-whiskers plots were made which suggestively presented the median, extreme values and 10–90% percentiles. The assessment of Dobczyce reservoir water for drinking water supply for people was conducted following the methodology described in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment [Dz. U. 2002 Nr 204, poz. 1728]. Selected quality parameters of the tested water were also confronted with the requirements stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Health dated 29 March 2007 on drinking water quality for people [Dz. U. 2007 nr 61, poz. 417]. Trophic state of Dobczyce reservoir was assessed on the basis of total phosphorus and chlorophyll „a” concentrations, using the criteria stated by OECD. On the basis of data analysis it was established that mean annual values of water temperature, pH, oxygen saturation and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll „a” were decreasing with depth. On the other hand, in the vertical profile, turbidity, electrolytic conductivity, as well concentrations of total suspended solids, phosphates and total phosphorus were increasing. Higher water temperatures and pH values were noted in the summer half-year, whereas dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation and phosphates in the winter half-year. On average for the investigated period, water collected in Dobczyce reservoir on the depth of 3.55 and 9.65 m was classified, respectively to A2 and A3 water category, therefore it required appropriate typical or high performance typical treatment. On the other hand, due to low oxygen saturation in the summer half-year, water on the level of 15.87 m did not meet the standards. Irrespective of the depth, pH and salinity fulfilled the requirements for water intended for direct consumption by people, whereas water turbidity was unsatisfactory all the time. Mean annual concentrations of total phosphorus qualify water collected in the reservoir as mezotrophic, while average and maximum concentrations of chlorophyll „a” allow to regard the water as respectively mezotrophic or eutrophic. Due to relatively big differences in values of the analysed indices, better quality raw water intended for running water outside the growing period supply should be skillfully collected from various depths – generally in the from the shallowest level, in the vegetation season from the middle level and from the lowest level on case higher concentrations of chlorophyll „a” and plankton occur on the first two depths of the reservoir.

5

Variability of Values of Physicochemical Water Quality Indices Along the Length of the Iwoniczanka Stream

Bogdał A., Kowalik T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 5

168--175

EN

The paper aims at presentation of the effect of changes in the catchment area management on the value of water quality physicochemical indices along the length of the Iwoniczanka stream, which flows through Iwonicz-Zdrój, one of the oldest health resorts in Poland. Analyses of 14 water quality indices were conducted from November 2013 to May 2014 in five measurement points: two situated in the upper course of the stream – in forest areas, two located in the area of Iwonicz-Zdrój town, and one below the rural built-up area. On the basis of the conducted data analysis it was found that the mean values of pH, electrolytic conductivity, sulphates, calcium, total iron and manganese were increasing with the course of flowing water, as evidenced by the water enrichment in substances which had their sources in built-up areas. On average, the highest values of biogenic indices and chlorides but the lowest values of oxygen indices were registered immediately below the location of drain collector from the closed sewage treatment plant, which resulted in pollution of the analysed stream bed with the substances previously drained from the treatment plant. Water flowing through the forest areas had the maximum ecological potential in the built-up areas and due to phosphate concentrations it was classified to class II and then, due to self-purification, returned to the physicochemical parameters appropriate for class I water. The conducted hydro-chemical tests confirmed a significant negative effect of built-up areas on the quality of the flowing waters.

6

Variability of physicochemical properties of water of the transboundary Poprad river

Policht-Latawiec A., Bogdał A., Kanownik W., Kowalik T., Ostrowski K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 1

100--109

EN

The results of five-year (2008–2012) hydrochemical research of the Poprad river, the right bank tributary to the Dunajec, were analyzed in the paper. The Poprad, 167 km long and with the catchment area of 2077.3 km2, flows for over 100 km through the territory of Slovakia, along the length of 31.1 km is a transboundary river, whereas its 31.0 km long reach is situated in Poland. Concerning its abiotic character, it is an eastern upland river of type 15. The research was conducted in three measurement-control points: 1) located in Leluchów on the Polish-Slovak border at 61.1 kilometer of the river course, 2) in Piwniczna-Zdrój – 23.9 km and 3) in Stary Sącz – 2.9 km before the Poprad outlet to the Dunajec. 21 physicochemical indices and 2 microbiological indicators were assessed in the water samples once a month using referential methods. The paper assesses changes of water quality classes and its usable values along the analyzed Poprad river reach. Moreover, statistical differences between the values of individual indices assessed in various measurement-control points were estimated by means of Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test. On the basis of the conducted analyses of the empirical data it was stated that due to the physicochemical indices, water quality along the whole length of the analyzed river reach was good (class II) – in points 1 and 3 it was determined by mean concentration of total suspended solids, whereas in point 2 COD-Mn values.

7

The Effect of Treated Sewage Outflow From a Modernized Sewage Treatment Plant on Water Quality of the Breń River

Kowalik T., Bogdał A, Borek Ł, Kogut A

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 4

96--102

EN

The paper aimed at determining the effect of treated sewage discharged from a sewage treatment plant, modernized in 2007–2008, on the quality of the receiving water – the Breń river. The mechanical-biological sewage treatment plant is situated in the northern part of Dąbrowa Tarnowska town (Malopolskie voivodship). The treated sewage is disposed of by means of a collecting pipe to the Breń river, which abiotically is a lowland sandy stream, type 17. The hydrochemical analyses were conducted monthly, from May 2014 to April 2015 in three measurement points. The first and the third were situated on the Breń river, 30 m above and 400 m below the treated sewage outlet respectively, whereas the second one was on the outflow collecting pipe from the sewage treatment plant. In the analysed water, 17 physicochemical water quality indices were determined by means of reference methods. On the basis of the data analysis it was found that pollutant concentrations in the treated sewage discharged into the Bren river did not exceed the values stated in the water permit and only sporadically did not meet the requirements stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Environment regarding ammonium nitrogen concentrations in the winter-spring period. Slight dynamics of seasonal changes of physicochemical indices values in the treated sewage evidences a high proficiency of the sewage treatment plant operation, irrespective of the air or water temperature. The treated sewage affected the increase in 12 from among 17 analysed physicochemical indices in the Breń river, of which the dependencies were statistically significant in 8 cases. BOD5 and ammonium nitrate caused a change of water quality class from I to II, and in case of phosphates a decline of ecological state from very good to below good. Despite a negative effect of the sewage treatment plant, the water quality state in the Breń river would be much worse if untreated municipal waste flowed into the receiving water.

8

Wpływ Zbiornika Goczałkowickiego na zmiany jakości wód w rzece Wiśle

Bogdał A., Kowalik T., Witoszek K.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2015

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Nr 45

124--134

PL

Celem pracy jest ocena wpływu Zbiornika Goczałkowickiego na zamiany jakości wód powierzchniowych. Aby osiągnąć założony cel, przeprowadzono metodami referencyjnymi badania 20 fizykochemicznych wskaźników jakości wody. Próby wody pobierano comiesięcznie od kwietnia do listopada 2011 roku, w pięciu punktach pomiarowo-kontrolnych: pierwszy był usytuowano na dopływie rzeki Wisły do zbiornika, trzy kolejne rozmieszczono równomiernie wzdłuż czaszy zbiornika, natomiast punkt piąty usytuowano na odpływie wody ze zbiornika. Wartości każdego badanego wskaźnika scharakteryzowano przy pomocy podstawowych statystyk opisowych. Ponadto dane empiryczne poddano szczegółowym procedurom statystycznym przy użyciu analizy skupień oraz parametrycznego testu t-Studenta. Na podstawie analizy danych z przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, że z uwagi na złożoność procesów zbiornik retencyjny wpływa niejednoznacznie na jakość wody. W wyniku przepływu wód rzeki Wisły przez Zbiornik Goczałkowicki istotnie zmniejszyły się stężenia azotynów i azotu azotanowego, co potwierdzono statystycznie na poziomie istotności α = 0,05. Zbiornik również wpłyną korzystnie na obniżenie stężeń fosforanów, fosforu ogólnego, żelaza ogólnego i większości wskaźników zasolenia oraz pogorszył warunki tlenowe, co jednak nie zostało potwierdzone statystycznie.

EN

The paper aims at the assessment of the Goczałkowice Reservoir effect on the changes of surface water quality. For this purpose, tests of 20 physicochemical water quality indices were conducted using reference methods. Water samples were collected every month from April to November 2011 in five measurement-control points: the first was located on the Vistula river inflow to the reservoir, the other three were placed evenly along the reservoir bowl, whereas the fifth was situated on water outflow from the reservoir. The values of each tested indicator were characterized by using descriptive statistics. Moreover, the empirical data were subjected to detailed statistical procedures by means of cluster analysis and t-Student parametric test. The analysis the data obtained from the conducted investigations demonstrated that because of the complexity of the processes, the retention reservoir differently influences the water quality. As a result of the Vistula river water flow through the Goczałkowice Reservoir, concentrations of nitrites and nitrate nitrogen decreased significantly, as has been proved statistically on the significance level α = 0.05. The reservoir also positively affected a decline in the concentrations of phosphates, total phosphorus, total iron and a majority of salinity indices, but worsened oxygen conditions, however, it was not statistically proved.

9

Wpływ zmian użytkowania zlewni wyżynnej na kształtowanie jakości wody powierzchniowej

Kowalik T., Kanownik W., Bogdał A., Policht-Latawiec A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2014

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Tom 16, cz. 1

223--238

EN

The aim of the paper was an assessment of the change in the structure of small upland catchment use on quality parameters of water flowing away from its area. The objective was realized through analysis of values and concentrations of selected water physicochemical indices, which were obtained by systematic research conducted during two periods, when the catchment use changed significantly. The research was conducted in the Rzyki G catchment situated in the Beskid Mały Mountains area, in the village of Rzyki, in the western part of the Malopolska Region. It is the basic catchment of the Wieprzówka river, which flows into the Skawa River in its lower course. The catchment, of 47.50 ha and mean width of 0.525 km, has a slightly elongated, compact shape and clearly formed valley, through which the only watercourse, 0.575 km long Rzyki G is flowing. Mean weighed height of the area is 425 m a.s.l, whereas an average land slope is 12.2%. The catchment is covered by relatively shallow, skeletal and strongly acid dystrophic brown soils, which are characterized by a considerable compactness, high capillary capacity and poor permeability. Rzyki G catchment is of a typically agricultural character. In 1995–1996 the arable lands, covering 68.7% of the total area, prevailed in the structure of agricultural lands. Forests with plantings and grasslands constituted respectively 8.4 and 16.2% of the area. Non-agricultural land occurred sporadically (2.4%), whereas 4.3% of the area was used as built-up area. 15 years later (the period of 2010–2011) the arable land acreage diminished by 46.6%, whereas the share of permanent turf covered area, including grasslands, increased by 29.4%. Also the catchment afforestation rate grew slightly, as well as the built-up area, respectively by 2.7 and 1.7%. Hydrochemical analyses were conducted in the years 1995–1996 and 2010–2011. Water samples were collected from the Rzyki G watercourse between once and four times a month. pH was measured on-site, whereas the concentrations of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, phosphates, sulphates, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorides and iron were assessed in laboratory by means of reference methods. The empirical data base was analysed statistically using selected descriptive statistics and non-parametrical U Mann- Whitney’s significance test. Water quality was determined on the basis of the domestic executive act, in compliance with 2000/60/WE Directive of the European Parliament and council dated 23 October,2000. Apart from hydrochemical analyses, a detailed inventory of the area was conducted during both periods of investigations. Using cartographic materials and GIS tools, the current state of use and physiographic characteristics of the catchment were developed. On the basis of the data analysis it was found that in result of the change in the catchment area use, from arable lands to permanent turf-covered areas, concentrations of most of the analyzed chemical indices of water in the Rzyki G watercourse, i.e. biogenic substances (N-NH4+, N-NO3-, PO4 3-), as well as sulphates and iron decreased significantly. Mean values of the indices allowed to classify the water in both periods to I class of the ecological state, however in single water samples from 1995–1996 period, the values of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate concentrations classified water to the state below good, whereas in case of nitrate nitrogen to II class. Fulfillment of the requirements stated by the Framework Water Directive concerning the achieving and maintenance of good water quality will require a new approach to shaping the agricultural space, including the changes in the way of management and use of strongly sculptured catchments. Obtained research results confirm the advantageous effect of turf covered area on water quality and therefore the advisability of using ecotones along watercourses and water reservoirs as biogeochemical barriers limiting migration of fertilizer components from agricultural areas to surface waters.

10

Jakość i walory użytkowe wody małej rzeki fliszowej

Policht-Latawiec A., Bogdał A., Kanownik W., Kowalik T., Ostrowski K., Gryboś P.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2014

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Tom 16, cz. 1

546--561

EN

An assessment of the quality and usable values of water from the Ropa river – a left bank tributary to the Wisłok was made in the paper. Its catchment is situated in the south-eastern part of the Malopolska region (Poland) in the Gorlice county. The analyses were conducted in two measurement-control points – point 1. located downstream of Gorlice town at the Ropa river kilometer 20.2, in Biecz and 2. upstream of Gorlice, at the river kilometer 40.5, in Szymbark. 41 river quality parameters were tested in 2009–2011 using reference methods. Water for majority of analyses was sampled once a month, except the specific synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants, priority substances and microbiological indices, whose values were assessed once in three months. On the basis of analysis of the obtained results it was demonstrated that water downstream of Gorlice was classified to the second class of ecological state, only due to BOD5. The other indices were within the first class. On the other hand, upstream of the town, water satisfied the requirements of I class purity. Chemical state of the analyzed waters was below good – among 10 priority indices only cadmium concentration in both points and mercury content in 2. did not meet the environmental quality standards. Water in point 1. cannot be used for water supply to people because of too numerous coliform and faecal coliform bacteria. On the other hand, water in point 2. was qualified to A3 category due to microbiological indices. Water along the analyzed section of the Ropa river did not meet the requirements for the natural habitat for the salmonid or cyprinid fish because of high nitrite concentrations. Basing on the analysis of results from conducted statistical testing, it was stated that the values of 16 out of 24 tested physicochemical indices significantly differed between the control- measurement points. For example, markedly higher values of BOD5, electrolytic conductivity, total soluble solids, sulphates, general hardness, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were registered in water downstream of Gorlice, whereas pH values were lower. Obtained results confirm a negative effect of urbanized areas on the quality of running surface waters.

11

Modelowanie fizyczne procesów hydrodynamicznych w konwertorze tlenowym

Oleksy K., Bogdał A., Pieprzyca J., Janiszewski K., Warzecha M.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2014

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Vol. 81, nr 12

811--815

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań modelowych zjawisk hydrodynamicznych zachodzących w konwertorze tlenowym podczas procesu świeżenia stali. Do badań wykorzystano wodny model fizyczny konwertora tlenowego, wyposażony w dysze, umożliwiające stosowanie dmuchu kombinowanego. Dysze te umieszczone są w dnie modelu konwertora. Celem badań było określenie wpływu stosowania dmuchu kombinowanego na kinetykę procesu świeżenia.

EN

The article presents the results of model research of hydrodynamic phenomena that occurs in basic oxygen furnace during the process of steel refining. The device used for testing was water physical model of basic oxygen furnace, equipped with nozzles, which allowed for combined blowing. These nozzles were located in the bottom of BOF model. The purpose of the research was to determine the impact of the application of combined blowing on the kinetics of the refining process.

12

Modelowanie fizyczne procesu przedmuchiwania stali gazem obojętnym

Miłek A., Pieprzyca J., Bogdał A., Olawa M., Warzecha M.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2013

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Vol. 80, nr 10

682--685

PL

Przedmuchiwanie stali gazami obojętnymi jest powszechnie znaną metodą określania przepływu stali, jednakże mimo to ciągle prowadzone są badania w tym zakresie, mające na celu wyznaczenie charakterystyk przepływu stali. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na modelu fizycznym, mające na celu określenie wpływu porowatości kształtek gazoprzepuszczalnych na skuteczność wymieszania cieczy modelowej w kadzi.

EN

The blowing with inert gases is widely known method for determining the flow of steel, however research in this area are still performed to determine flow characteristics of steel bath. This paper presents the results of research conducted on the physical model, designed to determine the effect of porosity on the effectiveness of fitting gas permeable liquid mixing model in the ladle.

13

Zmiany wartości i stężeń fizykochemicznych wskaźników jakościowych wód rzeki Prądnik-Białucha (Wyżyna Krakowsko-Częstochowska)

Bogdał A., Kanownik W., Wiśnios M.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2012

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Nr 8

358-361

PL

Celem pracy było ustalenie zmian jakości i walorów użytkowych oraz wyznaczenie stref zanieczyszczenia i samooczyszczania wód na długości rzeki Prądnik-Białucha. Badana rzeka o zlewni położonej w sąsiedztwie Krakowa na Wyżynie Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej, przepływa przez tereny typowo rolnicze, prawnie chronione oraz z osadnictwem rozproszonym i z zabudową podmiejską i miejską. W 15 punktach pomiarowych prowadzono jesienią 2011 r. badania hydrochemiczne, które polegały na oznaczaniu metodami referencyjnymi 23 wskaźników fizykochemicznych. Na podstawie analizy danych stwierdzono, że w górnym odcinku rzeki wody źródlane wzbogacały się lub zubażały w składniki mineralne. W środkowej części, na terenie Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego i jego otuliny, zachodziły procesy samooczyszczania poprawiające jakość wody, co miało związek z mniejszą antropopresją i większą lesistością tego obszaru. W dolnym odcinku rzeki, tereny o zwartej zabudowie podmiejskiej i miejskiej powodowały intensywne zanieczyszczanie wód. Stan ekologiczny wód ze względu na duże stężenia azotu azotanowego na całej długości rzeki był poniżej dobrego. Wody te nadawały się do spożycia, ale na różnych odcinkach rzeki wymagały różnych procesów uzdatniania, dostosowanych do wód kategorii Al, A2 i A3. Badane wody rzeczne ze względu na duże stężenia azotynów nie stwarzały, za wyjątkiem krótkiego źródłowego odcinka, dogodnych warunków do życia ryb. Zagrożenie wód eutrofizacją występowało na całej długości rzeki ze względu na duże stężenia azotanów i azotu azotanowego.

EN

The aim of the paper was establishing changes of quality and utility values, and determining the zones of pollution and self-purification of waters along the length of the Prądnik-Białucha river. The analyzed river, with a catchment situated on the Krakowsko-Częstochowska Upland in the vicinity of Krakow, flows through typically agricultural and legally protected areas, with dispersed settlements and suburban and urban built-up areas. Hydrochemical research, involving assessment, using reference methods of 23 physicochemical indices, was conducted in 15 measurement points. On the basis of the data analysis it was stated that in the headstream spring waters were either enriched or impoverished in minerals. In the middle river, i.e. the area of the Ojców National Park and its protection zone, self-purification processes improving water quality were occurring, which was connected with smaller anthropopressure and greater woodiness of the area. In the lower river, compactly built-up suburban and urban areas caused intense water pollution. Due to high concentrations of nitrate nitrogen, ecological state along the whole river length was less than good. This water was unfit for human consumption, however along various river stretches required different treatment processes adjusted to categories A1, A2 or A3 waters. Because of high nitrite concentrations, the analysed waters did not provide convenient living conditions for fish, except for a short riverheads section. Water euthropication hazard occurred along the whole river length due to high concentrations of nitrates and nitrate nitrogen.

14

Sezonowość zmian wartości wybranych właściwości fizykochemicznych wody odpływającej z małej zlewni rolniczo-leśnej

Kowalik T., Bogdał A., Kanownik W., Borek Ł.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2012

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Nr 8

354-357

PL

W pracy omówiono wyniki badań oceny stanu jakościowego oraz sezonowej zmienności wybranych właściwości fizykochemicznych wody odpływającej ze zlewni potoku Uniszowskiego, na terenie której planowana jest budowa zbiornika małej retencji. Zakres badań prowadzonych comiesięcznie w latach 2008-2010 obejmował hydrochemiczne pomiary terenowe, prowadzone bezpośrednio w potoku oraz badania laboratoryjne. Badano 27 wskaźników fizykochemicznych. Wyniki badań zostały poddane analizie statystycznej, której celem było określenie przebiegu zmienności wartości i stężeń poszczególnych właściwości fizykochemicznych oraz istotności różnic między półroczem letnim (V-X) i zimowym (XI-IV). Istotnie statystycznie większe stężenia i wartości temperatury wody, ChZT-Mn, fosforu ogólnego, fosforanów, azotu azotynowego, potasu i manganu odnotowano w półroczu letnim. W 23 z 66 analizowanych przypadków, zależności korelacyjne między badanymi cechami wody okazały się statystycznie istotne. Stan jednolitej części wód płynących potokiem Uniszowskim jest dobry, zatem badana woda ma dobre walory użytkowe.

EN

The paper discusses results of assessment of quality and seasonal changeability of selected physicochemical properties of water outflowing from the Uniszowski stream catchment, in whose area a construction of small retention reservoir has been planned. The scope of monthly research conducted in the years of 2008-2010 comprised hydrochemical field measurements conducted directly in the stream and laboratory analyses. 27 physicochemical indices were analysed. Results of the investigations were subjected to statistical analysis in order to determine the course of changeability of values and concentrations of individual physicochemical properties, and the significance of differences between the summer (May-September) and winter (November-April) half-year. Statistically significantly higher concentrations and values of water temperature, COD-Mn, total phosphorus, phosphates, nitrite nitrogen, potassium and manganese were registered in the summer half-year. In 23 out of 66 analysed cases, correlation relationships between the analysed water features proved statistically significant. The condition of a uniform part of water flowing in the Uniszowski stream is good, therefore the analyzed water has good utility values.

15

Ocena stanu fizykochemicznego wód opadowych i odpływających ze zlewni potoku Wolninka

Bogdał A., Kowalik T., Kanownik W., Ostrowski K., Wiśnios M.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2012

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Nr 8

362-365

PL

W pracy zamieszczono ocenę wpływu opadów atmosferycznych i użytkowania zlewni na jakość i walory użytkowe wód płynących potokiem Wolninka, które będą w nieodległej przyszłości gromadzona w zbiorniku małej retencji "Joniny".

EN

Assessment of precipitation effect and catchment use on the quality and utility values of waters flowing in the Wolninka stream, which will be soon accumulated in "Joniny" small retention reservoir, was presented in the paper.

16

Wpływ zabudowy hydrotechnicznej rzeki na zawartość i nasycenie wody tlenem rozpuszczonym

Bogdał A.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2011

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Nr 10

349-351

17

Hydrochemiczne uwarunkowania lokalizacji zbiornika małej retencji na rzece Wilga

Kowalik T., Bogdał A., Kanownik W., Ostrowski K., Rajda W.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2011

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Nr 10

369-371

18

Walory użytkowe wody Mostowego Potoku w aspekcie jej magazynowania w małym zbiorniku retencyjnym

Kanownik W., Kowalik T., Bogdał A., Ostrowski K., Rajda W.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2009

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Nr 9

32-34

19

Ocena przydatności wody potoku Rygliczanka do magazynowania w zbiorniku małej retencji

Bogdał A., Ostrowski K.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2008

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Nr 9

43-46

20

Wpływ rolniczego użytkowania zlewni podgórskiej i opadów atmosferycznych na jakość wód odpływających z jej obszaru

Bogdał A., Ostrowski K.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2007

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T. 7, z. 2a

59-69

PL

W pracy omówiono wyniki trzyletnich badań wpływu rolniczego użytkowania zlewni podgórskiej oraz opadów atmosferycznych na jakość wód odpływających z jej obszaru. W próbkach wody opadowej i powierzchniowej, pobieranych średnio dwa razy w miesiącu, oznaczano: zawiesinę ogólną, pH, amoniak, azotany, fosforany, przewodność elektryczną właściwą, substancje rozpuszczone, siarczany, chlorki, wapń, magnez, mangan i żelazo. Na podstawie analizy wyników stwierdzono, że - z wyjątkiem amoniaku - średnie wartości pozostałych wskaźników były statystycznie istotnie większe w wodach odpływających niż w opadowych. Średnie stężenie amoniaku okazało się natomiast istotnie większe w wodzie opadowej. Ocena jakości wody odpływającej z obszaru zlewni podgórskiej użytkowanej rolniczo wykazała, że wodę tę należy zakwalifikować do IV klasy czystości. O takiej ocenie przesądziły stężenie azotanów i zawartość zawiesiny ogólnej.

EN

The paper discusses results of a three-year study on the effect of precipitations and agricultural utilization of a submontane catchment on the quality of waters flowing away from catchment area. Total suspended solids, pH, ammonium, nitrates, phosphates, conductivity, dissolved solids, sulphates, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron were analysed in atmospheric precipitation and surface water samples collected twice a month. Analysis of the results revealed that except for ammonium, the mean values of other indices were significantly higher in the outflowing waters than in the precipitation waters. Mean concentration of ammonium was significantly higher in the precipitation water. Waters flowing out of the agriculturally used submontane catchment should be classified to the IV quality class. Concentrations of total suspended solids and nitrates were the reason of such evaluation.