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Naturalne i antropogeniczne przekształcenia środowiska geograficznego na stanowisku archeologicznym kultury mogiłowej w Szczepidle 17 (Kotlina Kolska)

Hildebrandt-Radke I., Makarowicz P.

Landform Analysis

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2014

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Vol. 26

21--37

PL

Artykuł dotyczy badań relacji człowiek–środowisko na przykładzie osady kultury mogiłowej ze środkowej epoki brązu, którą odkryto na obszarze niecki deflacyjnej pomiędzy wydmami parabolicznymi na odcinku konińskim Pradoliny Warty. Lokalizacji osadnictwa kultury mogiłowej w pradolinie sprzyjały warunki klimatyczne okresu subborealnego, które określane są jako suche i chłodne. W wyniku badań archeologicznych, litologicznych i geochemicznych stwierdzono, że działalność człowieka przekształciła rzeźbę stanowiska archeologicznego, czyli niecki deflacyjnej. Powstały obiekty archeologiczne, które są pozostałościami działalności osadniczej i gospodarczej (metalurgicznej) zachodzącej na tych samych przestrzeniach stanowiska wielokrotnie. Archiwalne badania palinologiczne wskazują na: obecność wskaźników synantropizacji środowiska, gatunków wprowadzanych przez człowieka, ale też pośrednio na wylesienia, pojawiają się powierzchnie otwarte – pola. Od okresu subborealnego można obserwować nakładanie się wpływów antropogenicznych i naturalnych, klimatycznych kształtujących reżim hydrologiczny w dolinie Warty – można wnioskować o coraz większej częstotliwości powodzi i akumulacji mad. Ten czynnik w konsekwencji mógł się przyczynić do opuszczenia osady około 2800 BP (okres wilgotnych warunków w dolinie).

EN

This article focuses on man-environment relations as exemplified by a Tumulus culture settlement from the Middle Bronze Age discovered in a deflation basin among parabolic dunes in the Konin section of the Warta Pradolina. What favoured the location of the Tumulus culture settlement in the Pradolina was the climatic conditions of the Subboreal period: dry and cool. As archeological, lithological and geochemical studies have shown, human activity has transformed the relief of the archeological site, i.e. the deflation basin. There have appeared archeological objects which are remnants of settlement and economic (metallurgical) activities taking place many times in the same places of the site. Archival palynological research suggests synanthropisation of the environment, the presence of species introduced by man and, indirectly, deforestation: there appeared open spaces – fields. From the Subboreal stage on, one can observe a joint impact of anthropogenic and natural (climatic) factors on the hydrological regime pattern in the Warta valley: a growing frequency of floods and an accumulation of muds. This factor could in effect force people to abandon the settlement about 2800 BP (a period of humid conditions in the valley).

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Zapis procesów prehistorycznej antropopresji w otoczeniu stanowiska archeologicznego w Bruszczewie (centralna Wielkopolska) na podstawie badań osadów rynny glacjalnej Samicy

Hildebrandt-Radke I., Janczak-Kostecka B., Spychalski W.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

87-91

EN

The sedimentological, geochemical and diatomological research into the core taken from the fossil lake located in the glacial channel of Samica river prove the increasing anthropogenization of the landscape in the microregion surrounding the settlement in Bruszczewo. Anthropogenic indices of the Early Bronze Period in the palynological research include: high decline in the percentage of tree pollens caused by deforestation, indicators of grazing animals and farming as well as noticeable eutrophication of the lake (fungal spores and algae thriving on dung, droppings and excrement). In the sedimentological research, cultural layers correspond with accelerated mineral sedimentation in the basin (mediumand fine-grained sands). Each time it is preceded with organic sedimentation (from humus levels). Above results might signify the initiation of erosion-denudation processes in the catchment, settled and economically exploited by individual cultural groups. Results of the anthropogenic activity are visible also in the geochemical composition of the deposits. Cultural layers are marked with increased percentage of heavy metals, while the Cu : Pb : Zn ratios suggest their anthropogenic character. Additionally, the increase in phosphorus percentage confirms eutrophication of the basin in the settlement periods, that is in the Early and Late Bronze, and Early and Roman Iron Ages.

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Warunki klimatyczne okresu średniowiecza a powstanie, rozwój i upadek grodziska na Zawodziu w Kaliszu

Hildebrandt-Radke I.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

69-72

EN

The early medieval stronghold in Kalisz was established in the ninth century among the branches of meandering Prosna river. The stronghold's castle was located on the floodplain terrace of Prosna river at an altitude of 100-108 m asl. In the tenth and eleventh centuries numerous redevelopments within the town occurred. In the early thirteenth century, as a result of fightings among dukes, the stronghold was exposed to destruction. Long-term flooding (1221-1223) resulted in the change of the main Prosna river channel. Prosna no longer assured the settlement with defensive functions. The above, and subsequent invasion of duke Henry I the Bearded (Henryk Brodaty) on Zawodzie in 1233, determined moving the castle on a fluvial terrace, in today's center of Kalisz.

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Stratygrafia osadów fosy i strefy krawędziowej na stanowisku archeologicznym w Bruszczewie jako rezultat jego użytkowania w pradziejach

Hildebrandt-Radke I.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

81-86

EN

Archaeological and geomorphologic research conducted on the archaeological site in Bruszczewo, indicates most of the cultural layers and archaeological objects to be dated back to the Early Bronze Period. Such is also the dating of the oldest colluvial deposits there. Second phase of relief transformations and sedimentary deposition is connected with the Lusatian stage of the site exploitation in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Layers dated back to these periods can be observed in the moat, in the edge zone of the site as well as in the peatbog zone. Most of the material related to this stage of the settlement exploitation is deposited in the unearthed Lusatian moat. Third stage - the medieval settlement of the site - is well-known mainly for its mixed colluvial sediments. They contain cultural material from different periods, and were transported and deposited in modern times. Fourth phase of the area exploitation - agrotechnical denudation - is marked with the layer of colluvia of the widest spatial range, covering the deposits of peatbog plain. These sediments are linked to regular cultivation within the archaeological site.

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Regionalna wymowa procesów antropogenizacji regionu środkowej Obry na podstawie badań osadów jeziora Wonieść

Hildebrandt-Radke I., Spychalski W., Lutyńska M.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

92-97

EN

The study was aimed at anthropogenization processes of the Kościan Plain. They are noticeable in local palynological diagrams (eg. at the archaeological site in Bruszczewo) as well as on settlement maps of the Polish Archaeological Record Project. The goal was to determine whether the processes were perceptible also in a regional scale, in deposits of the biggest water body in the examined area, located 15 km to the east from Bruszczewo. Anthropogenic participation in changes of plant cover is clearly visible in the local diagram from Bruszczewo. While compared with the mentioned, anthropogenic influence in deposits of Wonieść Lake is rather inconspicuous. In the Neolithic and Early Bronze Periods, percentage of herbaceous plants (amount of grasses and herbs) maintained the level of 10%. Increase in NAP is marked not earlier than in the Roman Iron Age, and then from the Early Middle Ages until the present time (Dörfler, to be published soon). Comparison of palynological results to sedimentological analyses indicates that periods of increased values of CerealiaandPlantago lanceolataindices are correlated with inflow of mineral material to lacustrine water body. Larger fractions were observed there i.e. fine- and medium-grained sands, and even gravels as well as organic matter. In the geochemical record for the same periods, an increased percentage of trace elements can be visible (however their distinctive escalation is manifested not earlier than in the Middle Ages). These changes are accompanied by intensified eutrophication index (phosphorus percentage) as well as by occurrence of diatoms, which prefer eutrophic conditions.

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Krajobraz kulturowy Wielkopolski w pradziejach i czasach historycznych : wprowadzenie

Hildebrandt-Radke I., Makohonienko M.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

17-19

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Główne etapy zasiedlenia i rozbudowy grodziska w Bonikowie (Wielkopolska) w świetle badań litologicznych i geochemicznych

Hildebrandt-Radke I.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

77-80

EN

The early medieval fortified settlement in Bonikowo was located within the wetland, in very marshy backwaters of the middle Obra river (the Obra Marshy Meadows). The Bonikowo stronghold belonged to a system of numerous small castles of southern Great Poland which had been formed in the period before the rise of the centralized state. This was a concave fortified settlement, consisting of many parts, with three ramparts, originating in different phases of the Middle Ages, as was confirmed by dating of archaeological pottery findings and by absolute dating. The castle was built with material from the sandy sediment of the Obra river backwaters. Geochemical analysis shows the length and intensity of the settlement and economic use of internal zones of the ramparts, especially of the internal zones within the rampart II, considered the oldest.

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Cmentarzysko kurhanowe w Łękach Małych : unikatowa nekropolia kultury unietyckiej (wczesna epoka brązu)

Hildebrandt-Radke I.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

73-76

EN

The burial mound in Łęki Małe is located on the northern side of the Warta-Obra Pradolina, in the plateau cut through by Mogilnica river. An esker adjoins this valley from the west. This elevation, looming over its vicinity, was used as the barrow burial ground. It constituted the most distinctive element of this lowland landscape. The burials of the Únitice culture people, of Early Bronze Age, took place there. Until nowadays four barrows have survived which is a bit more than 20 % of the whole necropolis. The tumuli differ in construction and equipment of main graves, in size of earth-mounds as well as in structure and inside collections of side graves. The unique form of the veneration of the dead may be the significance of social and material diversification within the Únitice community. The barrows were burial places of the privileged.

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Aluwialne wypełnienie doliny oraz stożek napływowy na terasie zalewowej Prosny w Kościelnej Wsi (koło Kalisza) : zmienność litofacjalna i antropogeniczne uwarunkowania

Hildebrandt-Radke I.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

64-68

EN

The sediment study of the alluvial bottom of Prosna river valley and of alluvial fan in the floodplain terrace, with the special attention paid to its origins, anthropogenic conditions at that time and also to lithofacial variability, enabled to draw the following conclusions. The fan was the result of erosion-denudation processes triggered after 6220š140 BP (Gd-4677) (about 4300 BC). The beginning of these processes can be associated with the Neolithic human beings activity, having taken into account conditions of the Holocene Climatic Optimum as well as presence of Neolithic cultures found in the investigated area. The lithofacial analysis of the sediments has revealed a simple fractionation sequence: D right arrow B right arrow C right arrow A for the alluvial filling of the river bottom. This indicates its accumulation as the result of meandering river activity. Cyclical lithofacies transitions for the alluvial fan sediments have been observed: A (sandy) into F (sandy-silty) and into E (silty).