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EN
The Fe-Al-Cr and Fe-Al-Cr-X X=(Ni,Mo) metallic powders produced by the self-decomposition method were examined by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The determined crystal structure parameters and the hyperfine interaction parameters are presented and discussed. The results of solute addition (X = Ni, Mo) in the investigated Fe-Al-Cr metallic powders are presented and discussed. The nickel and molybdenum additions modifies the phase composition of the studied materials and changes hyperfine parameters. The investigated Fe-Al-Cr powders produced by the self-decomposition method contain two phases, both of the B2 type structure: Fe(Cr)AlX and Cr(Fe)AlX enriched in Fe and Cr respectively and as well small amount of FexCr1- x. The Fe-Al-Cr-X (X =Ni, Mo) metallic powders and contain the besides the main Fe2Al5(X) phase and (FeX)Al8Cr5 phase. X-ray diffraction and SEM studies confirm the results of the Mössbauer spectroscopy.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań struktury, mikrostruktury oraz parametrów oddziaływań nadsubtelnych proszków metalicznych Fe-Al-Cr oraz Fe-Al-Cr-X X = (Ni, Mo) o składzie zestawionym w tabeli 1. Badania przeprowadzono stosując metodę dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej, skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej oraz spektroskopii efektu Mössbauera. Wykazano, że proszki metaliczne Fe-Al-Cr stanowiąmateriał dwufazowy. Zidentyfikowane fazy Fe(Cr)AlX i Cr(Fe)AlX zawierają zmienną koncentrację atomów żelaza oraz chromu, przy czym każdą z faz charakteryzuje uporządkowana struktura typu B2. Wyniki badań analizy dyfraktogramów oraz mikroanalizy rentgenowskiej wykazały także występowanie drobnych wydzieleń fazy FexCr1-x. Wprowadzone atomy domieszek modyfikują strukturę badanych materiałów. Proszki metaliczne Fe-Al-Cr-X (X = Ni, Mo) są materiałem wielofazowym stwierdzono występowanie faz na osnowie międzymetalicznej Fe2Al5. W badanych proszkach metalicznych stwierdzono występowanie fazy Fe2Al5(X) oraz (FeX)Al8Cr5, każda z tych faz zawiera w swoim składzie zastosowane domieszki - nikiel oraz molibden. Metodą spektroskopii efektu Mössbauera izotopu 57Fe określono parametry oddziaływań nadsubtelnych, tj. przesunięcie izomeryczne-(IS) oraz rozszczepienie kwadrupolowe-(QS) (tab. 2), charakteryzujące zidentyfikowane na podstawie badań strukturalnych faz.
2
Content available remote Mössbauer and structure studies on metallic powders from Fe-Al-X (X = Ni, Cu, Cr)
EN
Purpose: The Fe-Al-X and Fe-Al-Ni-X metallic powders produced by the self-decomposition process and then intensive grinding in an electro-magneto-mechanical mill with X = Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr additions was determined by applying the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Design/methodology/approach: The X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy were applied to identify the phase composition of the studied materials. Ordering process was analyzed by X-ray diffraction methods and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Findings: The effects of solute addition (X = Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr) in the investigated Fe-Al and Fe-Al-Ni metallic powders are presented and discussed. Good correlation between the results of X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy studies was obtained. Research limitations/implications: The Mössbauer spectroscopy appeared to be usefull in the identification of phase composition in studied materials. Application of Rietveld refinement method enabled the verification of this composition. Practical implications: The information on the phase transformation during the self-decomposition process and then intensive grinding in an electro-magneto-mechanical mill with additions are of prime importance for technological processing. Originality/value: All the phases that exist in the milled material contain high concentrations of aluminium (over 50 at. %) and have the ordered B2 structure. Alloying additions (Ni, Fe, Cu, Cr) and intensive high-energy grinding in the EMM mill modified the chemical and phase composition of the Fe-Al-X and Fe-Al-Ni-X samples.
PL
W artykule omówiono podstawy prawne kosztorysowania w latach 1996 do 2007, podstawy prawne stosowania Polskich Standardów Kosztorysowania Robót Budowlanych, metody i podstawy obliczania planowanych kosztów robót budowlanych i prac projektowych. Omówiono opracowanie kosztorysów poza kosztorysem inwestorskim do zamówień publicznych. Podano wzory opracowywania kalkulacji uproszczonej i kalkulacji szczegółowej.
EN
The paper presents the legal basis for costing in years 1996-2007, legal basis for use of the Polish Standards of Costing of Construction Works, methods and basis for estimation of planned costs of construction works and design. The paper presents preparation of cost estimates, except for investment cost estimates for public procurement detailed calculation.
EN
The paper presents the simulation results of a torque of a driving engine. An automotive vehicle is driven with a three-phase induction motor supplied from a voltage inverter and accumulator battery. The mathematical model of the vehicle is determined by differential equations of an induction motor, equations of motion of a vehicle, resistance to motion in the form of a trinomial square, voltage inverter of single-sideband regular modulation of impulse width, and accumulator battery.
EN
Temperature studies in the range 300 800 K of amorphous Fe80Nb6B14 alloy using Mössbauer spectroscopy are presented. It is shown that at a temperature close to 700 K iron clusters with non-collinear magnetic structure are formed. The observed magnetic permeability enhancement effect in the annealed at elevated temperatures alloy, which takes place in amorphous phase, is due to the strong ferromagnetic exchange between Fe clusters via the amorphous matrix and reduction of internal stresses.
EN
This paper reports preliminary results of 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of metamict davidite samples (La,Ce,Ca,Th)(Y,U,Fe)(Ti,Fe,Mn)20(O,OH)38 after high temperature annealing in an argon atmosphere. The Mössbauer spectra show a gradual decrease of quadrupole splitting and line width values of an Fe3+ doublet with increasing annealing temperature. Rather unexpected feature of these spectra for an Fe2+ doublet is a considerable increase of the line width with progressive crystallinity and a simultaneous decrease of both quadrupole splitting and isomer shift values. Changes of the hyperfine parameters as a function of the annealing temperature appeared as sensitive indicators of the thermal recrystallization process of metamict davidite similar to metamict silicates.
7
Content available remote The Mossbauer spectroscopy studies of retained austenite
EN
Purpose: of this paper: This paper completes the knowledge concerning the mechanisms of destabilization and properties of retained austenite. Investigations were performed on 120MnCrMoV8-6-4-2 steel, which was designed in 1998, in Phase Transformations Research Group of Department of Physical and Powder Metallurgy at the Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science at AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków. Design/methodology/approach: The samples of investigated steel were austenitized at the temperature of 900*C and hardened in oil. Next, three from four samples were tempered. Tempering consisted of heating the samples up to chosen temperatures with a heating rate of 0.05*C/s and, after reaching desired temperature, fast cooling. CEMS technique was applied for Mössbauer studies. Findings: Stabilized by heating up to 80oC retained austenite, in the result of mechanical destabilization, transforms into low-temperature tempered martensite, with the structure of low bainite (into the structural constituent in which ε carbide exists). Research limitations/implications: The influence of the temperature, up to which the samples were heated during tempering, on the mechanical stability of retained austenite and on the products of its transformation, was determined. Practical implications: Changes occuring in retained austenite during tempering of steel of high hardenability (hardness), developed for potential applications on tools of enhanced wear resistance, were described. Originality/value: Mössbauer spectroscopy was applied not only for qantitative analysis of retained austenite, but also to analyze the values of quadrupole splitting and isomeric shift, what resulted in significant conclusions concerning the changes in its chemical composition, microstructure, and the level of stresses being present in it.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono porównanie parametrów dwóch pojazdów samochodowych: jeden napędzany silnikiem indukcyjnym zasilanym z falownika napięcia i baterii akumulatorów, drugi napędzany silnikiem szeregowym prądu stałego zasilany z baterii akumulatorów poprzez czoper. Model matematyczny pojazdów stanowią równania napięciowo-prądowe odpowiednich silników, równanie ruchu pojazdu, opory ruchu w postaci trójmianu kwadratowego, falownik napięcia o jednobiegunowej regularnej modulacji szerokości impulsów, czoper oraz bateria akumulatorów. Uwzględniono straty rnocy: w uzwojeniach silników, w obwodzie magnetycznym, mechaniczne oraz straty w falowniku i czoperze.
EN
The paper presents a simulation of braking of an automotive vehicle while downhill running with electric power recovery. The automotive vehicle is driven with a three-phase induction motor supplied from an accumulator battery through a voltage inverter. Mathematical model of the vehicle is described by voltage-current equations of an induction motor, the equation of motion of the vehicle, resistance to motion taking a form of a trinomial square, voltage converter of uni-polar regular modulation of pulse width, and the accumulator battery. The mechanical losses and the losses arising in the magnetic circuit of the induction motor are considered.
EN
The investigation was carried out on nanocomposite Nd10Fe84-xWxB6 magnets with different tungsten content (from 0 to 33 at.%) produced by the mechanical alloying method. The alloys have a fine grained and highly porous structure. As tungsten is added the powder particles become progressively smaller and are distributed uniformly throughout the whole specimen volume. From the phase structure determination using X-ray diffraction, Moessbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy it has been found that with the increase of tungsten content in the magnets the amount of the magnetically hard Nd2Fe14B and the soft alpha-Fe phases decrease. Instead, paramagnetic phases appear. Moreover, the addition of tungsten to the basic composition results in a significant increase in coercivity jHc (from 260 to 1350 kA/m) and a reduction in both the remanence Br (from 0.95 to 0.24 T) and the maximum magnetic energy product (BH)max (from 80 to 13 kJ/cubic m).
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przybliża możliwości środowiska symulacyjnego SIMULINK do obliczeń naukowo-technicznych i wizualizacji. Dzięki szerokim możliwościom programu użytkownik posiada dużą swobodę konfiguracji układu symulacyjnego. W kontekście symulacji układów energoelektronicznych na szczególną uwagę zasługuje biblioteka SimPowerSystems, której charakterystykę zamieszczono w artykule. Przedstawiono również przykłady badania układów elektrycznych o różnym charakterze (dyskretne i ciągłe), wyjaśniając szczegóły dotyczące technik symulacji układów o charakterze mieszanym. Kolejnym poruszonym zagadnieniem jest możliwość wykorzystania w symulacji definicji dynamicznych obiektów w postaci S-funkcji, które są szczególnie przydatne w różniczkowym opisie obiektów lub kodowaniu dyskretnych algorytmów sterowania złożonymi strukturami. Niniejszy artykuł ma za zadanie podkreślenie zalet środowiska symulacyjnego, który łączy w sobie rozbudowane możliwości tworzenia modeli symulacyjnych oraz umożliwia pełną wizualizację wyników.
EN
The article presents abilities of the simulation environment SIMULINK which is platform dedicated to multidomain simulation and ModeI-Based Design for dynamic systems. It provides an interactive graphicaI environment and wide range of block libraries - among other libraries specially designed for Power Electronics: SimPowerSystems. Authors present simulations of mixed signal systems (continuous and discrete) and explain simulation technique of those systems. Another subject described in this paper is S-function.
PL
W artykule opisano alternatywny, w stosunku do standardowych metod kodowania, sposób programowania procesora TMS320C67ll z wykorzystaniem bibliotek pakietu SIMULINK. Scharakteryzowano własności karty uruchomieniowej ze zmiennoprzecinkowym procesorem sygnałowym TMS320C6711 firmy Texas Instruments, pod kątem tworzenia programów do układów prototypowych. Opisano także cechy pakietu SIMULINK jako wydajnego narzędzia pozwalającego na stosunkowo szybkie sprawdzenie wybranych algorytmów i ich praktyczną realizację. Przedstawiono podstawowe bloki możliwe do wykorzystania w środowisku symulacyjnym SIMULINK wraz z prezentacją metodyki tworzenia projektów procesora TMS320C6711. Opisano także możliwości realizacji komunikacji w czasie rzeczywistym między komputerem osobistym a procesorem sygnałowym TMS320C6711. Szczegółowo omówiono tworzenie programu cyfrowego przetwarzania sygnałów realizującego efekt echa umożliwiającego również komunikację z urządzeniem zewnętrznym - komputerem PC. Zaprezentowany sposób programowania może być wykorzystany w sytuacjach, gdy istnieje potrzeba szybkiego tworzenia oprogramowania np. w przypadku prototypów, bez głębszej wiedzy na temat programowania w języku C++.
EN
The use of SIMULINK toolboxes for the rapid code development for digital signal processors (DSPs) is discussed. The target hardware platform is a development starter kit (DSK) from Texas Instruments, featuring a TMS320C6711 floating point device. The properties of the platform are outlined regarding its applications for rapid prototyping and scientific research. The functionalities of relevant SIMULINK toolboxes are reviewed briefly. A detailed example of code development is provided, the application used for the example being an audio reverberation algorithm. The code provides an interface to DIP switches and real-time communication with the host PC. The advantages and disadvantages of SIMULINK-based graphical programming are also discussed. This kind of programming approach can be particularly useful when development time is at a premium. It does not require extensive knowledge of C/C++ programming.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę szybkiego przetwarzania częstotliwościowo-cyfrowego opartą na bezpośrednim porównaniu równoległym. Omówiono realizację praktyczną przetwornika częstotliwość-cyfra z wykorzystaniem programowalnego układu logicznego ACEXIK (CPLD) firmy ALTERA. Proponowana metoda może być wykorzystana, między innymi, do szybkiego pomiaru prędkości kątowej silników elektrycznych, jak również do realizacji szybkich przetworników częstotliwości na napięcie.
EN
A simple method for fast frequency-to-digital conversion is presented, capable of performing the conversion during a single period of the measured signal. A practical implementation of the converter is outlined, based on an ACEX-1K programmable logic device from Altera. The proposed method can be used, inter alia, in fast motor speed measurement and frequency-to-analog conversion.
14
Content available Foreword
EN
The 57Fe isomer shift for Fe44M6Al50 intermetallics with the B2 structure doped with M = Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni and Cu additions has been calculated with the tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital (TB-LMTO) method. The effect of variation of Wigner-Seitz (WS) spheres radii on the calculated equilibrium lattice parameter (a) and isomer shift (IS) was analyzed. The calculations have shown that the 57Fe isomer shift in Fe44M6Al50 intermetallics is directly proportional to the changes in the local 4s electronic charge at Fe atoms involved by M addtions. The screening effect of 4s electrons due to changes in (4p + 3d) electronic charge is of secondary importance. The calculated dependence of the average IS on nuclear charge (Z) of the alloying metal (M) follows qualitatively the tendency observed experimentally for the M impurities in the Fe host.
EN
In the present work, the Fe-Al-X (X = Cu; Ni; Cr) metallic powders produced by the self-decomposition method of the Fe-Al doped alloys were examined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The concentration of the Fe vacancies and the Fe atoms substituting Al (Fe-AS) was determined from the intensities of the sub-spectra in the Mössbauer analysis connected with distinct Fe environments. The results have shown that nickel and copper cause an increase of vacancy concentrations in comparison with the values found for Fe-Al metallic powders, whereas chromium decreases vacancy concentrations causing a significant increase of anti-site atoms Fe-AS concentration.
EN
In this paper the results of studies on the effect of pressure on hyperfine magnetic field (Bf) and isomer shift (IS) for Fe-bcc are presented. Two calculation methods were used: TB-LMTO (Tight Binding Linear Muffin-Tin) and FP-LAPW (Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave) and the obtained results have been compared. Both methods lead to comparable results. In the study a particular emphasis has been laid on investigations of the atomic core electrons (1s, 2s, 3s) and of the conduction electrons 4s on the Bf and IS values. The calculated values of the dIS/dlnV and dlnB /dlnV parameters give evidence of good conformity with those derived from experimental data.
EN
A series of the disordered Fe3-xTixAl (x = 0, 0.2, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 1) alloys obtained by arc-melting were studied. Directly after melting the samples were mechanically crashed and in that form examined by the structural and Mössbauer effect methods. The alloys were strongly disordered, but it was possible to identify, apart from Fe-bcc phase, the origins of forming such phases as Fe2TiAl Heusler phase, Fe3Al with DO3 structure, FeAl and FeTi with B2 structure and non-stechiometric Fe2Ti Laves phase with hexagonal C14 structure. For Ti concentration up to x = 0.45, the disordered Fe-bcc phase dominates. For Ti concentration from x = 0.55 to x = 1, the Fe2TiAl phase coexists with FeAl phase (for x = 0.55, 0.65) and with FeTi phase (x = 0.7 and 0.75). In a sample with the nominal Fe2TiAl composition of Fe2TiAl Heusler phase, a non-stoichiometric Fe2Ti Laves phase with hexagonal C14 structure was observed.
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