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1 Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. Journal

1 2009

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Simulation Tools for Analysis and Design of Distribution Networks with Distributed Energy Resources

Martinez-Velasco J. A., de Leon F., Dinavahi V.

Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. Journal

2009

Vol. 15, iss. 1

33--50

Distributed energy resources (DER) are a combination of distributed generation, energy storage and demand-side measures. DER can be used to help utilities solve problems on the distribution system by supporting voltage, reducing losses, providing backup power, improving local power quality7 and reliability, or deferring distribution system upgrade. They present, however, some important drawbacks such as new protection coordination problems, complicated operating procedures, or intermittent nature of renewable sources. All these issues complicate the analysis of distribution systems with a high penetration of DER devices. Required simulation tools must therefore combine analysis and modelling capabilities for representing the various DER technologies accurately. Since distribution systems were not designed for the inclusion of DER, most distribution software packages were not designed for the analysis of systems with embedded generation either. Present software designed for the study of distribution systems can efficiently cope with unbalanced load-flow and short circuit calculations, load growth studies, or system restoration and contingency analysis. However, they do not deal with transient stability and small signal stability because traditionally there was no generation at distribution level. This situation is changing, software manufacturers are updating and expanding tool capabilities to take into account the new simulation challenges, and new and specialized tools have been developed to cope with problems related to the installation of DER devices. This paper is aimed at reviewing the present status and the future trends of simulation tools for analysis and planning of distribution systems with penetration of DER, including market-oriented analysis and real-time simulation.