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Evaluation of the impact of tractor field works on changes in selected elements of engine oils

Gołębiowski Wojciech, Zając Grzegorz, Sarkan Branislav

Agricultural Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 26, No. 1

1--12

EN

Tractors are used for various types of field work, as well as for transport on public roads, in difficult and changing environmental conditions. The main goal of the study was to analyze the changes of trace elements in engine oil during various field works. For this purpose, engine oils from two tractors were selected for the study. These tractors were coupled with: a cultivator, a reversible plow, a tillage-sowing unit, and a trailer. The samples were taken at the beginning and after the field work with a given unit was completed. The instrumental chemical analysis method HDXRF was used to determine changes in the content of the trace elements: Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, P, Zn, and Mo in the engine oil. The comparison of oil from tractors coupled with various agricultural machines allowed the conclusion that the distribution of the consumption of tested metals, as well as the concentrations of individual elements, differed significantly depending on the coupled machine. The research showed that agricultural treatments with a cultivator caused the highest percentage of wear-induced changes in the content of metal elements such as Cr, Cu, and Pb. On the other hand, the operation of a tractor coupled with a tillage-sowing unit resulted in the vehicle's accelerated wear.

PL

Ciągniki w zależności od potrzeb wykorzystywane są do różnego rodzaju prac polowych, jak i do transportu po drogach publicznych, przy czym użytkowanie to odbywa się w trudnych i zmiennych warunkach środowiskowych. Podstawowym celem pracy była analiza zmian pierwiastków śladowych w oleju silnikowym podczas wykonywania różnych prac polowych. Do badań zostały wytypowany oleje silnikowe pochodzące z dwóch ciągników. Ciągniki te były zagregowane z: kultywatorem, pługiem obrotowym, zestawem uprawowo-siewnym oraz przyczepą rolniczą. Próbki pobierane były w momencie rozpoczęcia oraz po zakończeniu pracy z daną maszyną. Do określenia zmian zawartości pierwiastków śladowych Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, P, Zn, Mo w oleju silnikowym zastosowano instrumentalną metodę analizy chemicznej HDXRF. Porównanie olejów pochodzących z ciągników zagregowanych z różnymi maszynami rolniczymi pozwoliła stwierdzić, że rozkłady zużycia badanych metali wraz ze stężeniami poszczególnych pierwiastków różniły się znacznie między badanymi maszynami. Na podstawie badań wykazano, że praca polowa z wykorzystaniem kultywatora powodowała największe procentowe zmiany zawartości pierwiastków pochodzących z procesów zużycia takich jak Cr, Cu i Pb, natomiast praca ciągnika z zagregowanym zestawem uprawowo-siewnym największe procentowe zmiany zawartości Fe i Ni.

2

Internal combustion engine diagnostics using statistically processed Wiebe function

Famfulik Jan, Richtar Michal, Smiraus Jakub, Muckova Petra, Sarkan Branislav, Dresler Pavel

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 3

505--511

EN

The aim of the article is to present the concept of an indirect diagnostic method using the assessment of the variability of the amount of released heat (mass fraction burn) and the heat release rate. The Wiebe function for the assessment of variability has been used. The Wiebe function parameters from the course of the high-pressure indication in the cylinder of internal combustion engine using linear regression have been calculated. From a sufficiently large number of measured samples, the upper and lower limits of the Wiebe function parameters have been statistically determined. Lower and upper limits characterize variability of the heat release process not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of heat release rate. The assessment of variability is thus more complicated than using one integral indicator, typically the mean value of amount of the released heat. The procedure enabling a more accurate estimation of heat generation beginning has been shown. For the combustion process variability assessment of the engine, statistical test of relative frequencies has been used.

3

Impact of significant factors on assessing the technical conditions of vehicles at technical inspection stations

Sarkan Branislav, Hudec Juraj, Semanova Stefania, Kiktova Monika, Djoric Vladimir

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2020

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Vol. 87, nr 1

33--46

EN

The paper analyses the assessment of the technical condition of vehicles at technical inspection stations in the Slovak Republic in the period of 2007-2019. There are described the legislative conditions for assessment of the technical condition of vehicles at technical inspections stations in the Slovak Republic. Data from technical inspections and defects within all technical inspection stations was recorded in the nationwide information system. These data was used as base for the next analysis. This paper also describes the possibilities for detection of deficiencies at technical inspection stations, and in the final part the impact of expert supervision on the operation of the selected technical inspection stations was analysed. The paper also examines significant factors affecting the assessment of the technical condition of vehicles at technical inspection stations in the Slovak Republic. The first factor represents legislative measures introducing more sophisticated technical means to control technical inspection stations, and the second factor is technical supervision by supervisory authorities over technical inspection stations.

4

Change of driver's reaction time depending on the amount of alcohol consumed by the driver - the case study

Vrabel Jan, Sarkan Branislav, Vashisth Amit

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2020

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Vol. 87, nr 1

47--56

EN

Each driver should drive according to the actual road traffic rules of the country in which he is currently located. The law systems of various states of Europe allow an increased maximal blood alcohol level of driver. As the fact that no small number of road accidents is caused because of the influence of alcohol on the driver, it is necessary to focus the attention of the society on this issue. The paper deals with the influence of alcohol on the reaction time of the driver. The effect of alcohol on driver behaviour has been studied. The reaction time of several drivers from a selected group of people was measured. At first (before alcohol drinking) the physical and mental condition of the drivers was assessed, using a series of question. Subsequently, the measurements were carried out with a sober driver. After this initial measurement the driver began to drink alcohol and after 20 minutes the level of alcohol in driver´s breath was determined by certificated equipment. It followed by starting the vehicle at a speed of approximately 50 km/h and stopping the vehicle in front of the simulated barrier. During the tests of the stopping distance, the mean fully developed deceleration was explored as the supporting variables. As the most important variable was the driver´s reaction time. It was researched by using of the video-analysing from two synchronized cameras. One camera was placed on the windscreen to monitor the situation in front of the vehicle, the other one monitored the movement of the driver´s feet. The aim of this paper is to focus on the fact that there is a dependence between the amount of consumed alcohol and the driver´s reaction time, which significantly affects the road safety. The reaction time of the driver directly influences to the stopping distance thus it is resolute for stopping the vehicle before a barrier.