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2 2024

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Cooperative banks on the municipal finance market (Polish example)

Szafrańska Monika

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

2024

z. 197

537--555

Purpose: The research aimed to assess the proportion of cooperative banks in the market of entities servicing commune budgets and to identify the specific characteristics of local government units whose budgets are handled by cooperative banks. Design/methodology/approach: Covering 1 116 communes across six chosen voivodeships in Poland, the study encompassed regions with diverse conditions and traditions influencing cooperative banking models. Primary data were sourced from the official websites of the communes and Statistics Poland's Local Data Bank. The research, conducted in the first half of 2023, employed indicators of structure and dynamics, descriptive statistics, and the non-parametric χ2 test for analysis. Findings: The findings revealed that cooperative banks accounted for 80% of entities servicing commune budgets. Notably, they predominated in Little Poland Voivodeship and were more prevalent in rural and urban-rural communes, as well as in less populated areas and communes with own revenue per capita below PLN 2,000. Research limitations/implications: While the study acknowledges limitations due to the evolving nature of the cooperative banking sector and the changing dynamics of commune-bank cooperation, it suggests the need for future research to track these transformations. Practical implications: Practically, the research outcomes can inform the strategies and marketing plans of cooperative banks. Social implications: Socially, they contribute to enhancing trust in cooperative banks among the public and commune authorities, underscoring their significance in local development processes. Originality/value: The study's novelty lies in its exploration of cooperative banks' market share in communal finances and its identification of commune characteristics associated with cooperative banking. It addresses a gap in management and economics literature, offering insights previously unexplored in both domestic and foreign publications, and providing current, concrete data on the subject.

Badania odporności liczników energii elektrycznej na zaburzenia elektromagnetyczne

Kosobudzki Grzegorz, Szafrańska Monika

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

2024

R. 100, nr 12

212--216

W artykule przedstawiono, wynikający z wymagań przepisów, program badań odporności licznika energii elektrycznej. Zaprezentowano czynniki wpływające na poprawność testów odporności. Opisano i zaprezentowano wyniki badań odporności liczników, na zaburzenia niewymagane przez normy: szerokopasmowe zaburzenia przewodzone oraz pola radiowe w bliskiej odległości. Autorzy przypuszczają, że w najbliższych latach testy te zostaną wprowadzone do dyrektywy EMC lub MID.

This paper presents a regulatory-driven immunity testing program for an electricity meter. The factors influencing the correctness of the tests are presented. It then describes and presents the results of tests on the immunity of meters against disturbances not required by the standards: broadband conducted disturbances and radio fields in close proximity. The authors assume that in the coming years, the following will be introduced into the EMC or MID directive.