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1
Content available Ligament-based spine-segment mechanisms
EN
Nowadays, a growing interest in spine-segment mechanisms for humanoid robots can be observed. The ones currently available are mostly inspired by an intervertebral joint but rarely use its structure and behaviour as input data. The aim of this study was to propose and verify an approach to spine-segment mechanisms synthesis, in which the mechanisms were obtained directly from a ligament system of the intervertebral joint through numerical optimization. The approach consists of two independent optimization procedures performed with genetic algorithm. The first one searches for the optimal structure, while the second estimates its geometrical and stiffness parameters. The mechanisms are rated by their ability to reproduce the static behaviour of the joint in selected aspects. Both procedures use the lumbar L4-L5 intervertebral joint reference data. The approach was tested in two numerical scenarios. It was possible to obtain a mechanism with 7 flexible linear legs that accurately emulated the elastostatic behaviour of the intervertebral joint under moment loads. The results prove that the proposed method is feasible and worth exploring. It may be employed in design of bioinspired joints for use in humanoid robots and can also serve as an initial step in the design of prosthetic and orthotic devices for a human spine.
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present the novel model for the functional spinal unit and spine designed as a rigid mechanism and solve it with methods commonly used in robotics. Method: The structure of the intervertebral joint is analyzed with special attention paid to elements defining the displacements in the joint. The obtained mechanism is then numerically solved using a constraint equations method. Results: The input data set for the simulation is prepared using the 3D scan of the lumbar spine. The simulation results show that the intervertebral joint mechanism can satisfy the ranges of flexion, lateral bending and axial rotation as compared with literature data. It is also possible to study complex, coupled displacements of the lumbar spine segment. Conclusions: Structural analysis of the functional spinal unit with methods common in robotics can eventually lead to better understanding of stabilizing and guiding mechanisms. The proposed mechanism can be used as a reference in the study of spine guidance. It can reproduce the angular displacements of the actual functional spine unit. It is also possible to expand the model to facilitate the analysis of a lumbar spine segment.
PL
Celem podjętej pracy było zastosowanie tomografii CBCT w obrazowaniu stomatologicznym do oceny zmian okołowierzchołkowych jak również wykorzystanie funkcji diagnostycznych dostępnego oprogramowania. Zakres diagnostyczny pracy obejmował 41 przypadków zmian okołowierzchołkowych zębów różnych grup badanych ogółem dla 33 pacjentów. Pierwsza ocena zmian okołowierzchołkowych została dokonana w programie iCATVision. Następnie dokładne zaznaczenie pola powierzchni zmian zostało opracowane w programie Onis 2.4.
EN
The purpose of the work was to describe the application of the CBCT tomography in dental imaging, to evaluate periapical lesions as well as to present the use of diagnostic functions in the available software. Diagnostic scope presented in the paper included 41 cases of pariapical lesions in all sorts of the examined teeth groups total for 33 patients. The first assessment of periapical lesions was made in iCATVision. Then the precise selection of the surface area of lesions were drawn up in Onis 2.4.
5
Content available remote Experimental strength analysis of orthodontic extrusion of human anterior teeth
EN
The paper presents the strength tests, in terms of in vitro examinations, of restored mesial incisor crowns after endodontic treatment with modelled orthodontic extrusion procedure. The strength tests were carried out for 25 teeth randomly divided into groups with various degree of root reduction. The analysis was done for the following quantities: the force to fracture, the work to fracture, the energy of the first micro-crackings and breaking, the total displacement. Statistical analysis with the use of the Kruskal-Wallis test was done in order to assess the significance level in four tooth groups. Numerical simulations of periodontal ligament effort due to the orthodontic extrusion have also been carried out.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the distribution of dislocations in the case of fixation of a mandible low subcondylar fracture. Three types of elements have been used for fixation: NiTi shape-memory staples, miniaturized titanium plates and the Synthes compression plate, also called the Synthes zygomatic plate. The analysis was conducted using the finite element method. The degree of the mobility of the fractures was analysed as well as the tendency towards their separation on the basis of value analysis and the distribution of dislocation areas. The results obtained allowed a preliminary assessment of predicted healing effects and the possibility of being able to predict developing complications after osteosynthesis with the use of the elements analysed.
EN
This study evaluated the influence of glass fiber reinforcement on the fracture resistance of root canal treated premolar teeth. Laboratory tests were done for 21 freshly extracted single rooted human premolars randomly distributed into three groups. The teeth in group I were root canal treated and reconstructed with fiber post and composite crowns; in group II teeth were root canal treated and reconstructed with composite crowns but without post reinforcement; and in group III teeth were left untreated. The obtained results suggest that both tested methods of root treated teeth reconstruction, if correctly applied in clinical practice, can achieve satisfactory fracture resistance. Laboratory tests were done with respect to numerical FEM simulations and effort analyses of premolar crown structure reinforced with glass fiber root post.
PL
Praca przedstawia ocenę wpływu wzmocnienia włóknami szklanymi na odporność na pękanie zębów przedtrzonowych odbudowywanych przy pomocy implantów korzeniowych. Badania laboratoryjne wykonano dla 21 usuniętych ludzkich przedtrzonowców stochastycznie podzielonych na trzy grupy. Grupę I stanowiły zęby odbudowywane techniką wkładów korzeniowych i materiałem kompozytowym; w grupie II zęby rekonstruowano kompozytową koroną bez wzmocnienia szklanym wkładem; natomiast grupę III stanowiły tzw. zęby zdrowe. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że dla obu metod rekonstrukcji koron zębów po leczeniu endodontycznym prawidłowo stosowanych w praktyce klinicznej otrzymuje się zadowalające wartości wytrzymałościowe odporności na kruche pękanie. Badaniom laboratoryjnym towarzyszyły symulacje numeryczne MES oraz analiza wytężenia struktur korony przedtrzonowca wzmacnianych szklano-polimerowym wkładem korzeniowym.
EN
The paper presents strength examination for premolar dental crowns recontructed with glass fibre dowels in terms of normal occlusal loadings. For comparison, strength examination of fillings retention was also done for crown reconstructions without dowels as well as for the so-called healthy teeth. The analyses of the results have shown a good quality of fillings reconstructed using the glass fibre technique and proved their durability and high strength properties.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono badania wytrzymałościowe symulujące zwarcie zgryzowe dla koron zębów przedtrzonowych odbudowywanych z wykorzystaniem wkładów koronowo-korzeniowych wykonanych z włókien szklanych. Badania retencji wypełnień przeprowadzono porównawczo dla rekonstrukcji koron bez wkładów implantacyjnych oraz dla grupy zębów zdrowych. Badania wykazały dobrą jakość zakładanych wypełnień w technice szklanych wkładów koronowo-korzeniowych oraz potwierdziły ich trwałość i wysokie własności wytrzymałościowe.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono „uniwersalny” numeryczny model zęba przedtrzonowego leczonego endodontycznie z wykorzystaniem wkładów koronowo-korzeniowych. Trójwymiarowy model bryłowy powstał w wyniku procesu digitalizacji rzeczywistego obiektu poprzez konwersję chmury kartezjańskich współrzędnych w programie CAD CATIA. Wszechstronność modelu umożliwia analizę numeryczną metodą elementów skończonych odbudowy korony zęba dla różnych klas ubytków.
EN
The paper presents the ‘universal’ numerical model of premolar tooth treated endodontically with the use of root dowels. The spatial block model was created by means of digitizing process of real tooth scanning due to the conversion procedure of set of points characterized by Cartesian coordinates to CAD CATIA program. Versatility of the model enables the numerical strength analyses of tooth crown reconstructions with regards to various classes of crown destructions.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono podstawy i założenia teorii funkcjonalnej adaptacji w przyrodzie. Prezentację zilustrowano przykładami struktur biologicznych oraz wzorowanych na nich rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych. W szczególności wyeksponowano zagadnienia wytrzymałościowe optymalizacji kształtu struktur biologicznych.
EN
The paper presents the fundamentals and the main assumptions of the theory of functional adaptation in nature. The presentation has been illustrated with the examples of biological structures and constructions based on those designs. In particular, the problems of strength optimization of the shape of biological structures have been worked out.
11
Content available remote Metodyka badań antropometrycznych stóp przy wykorzystaniu skanera 3D
PL
Praca ma na celu przedstawienie możliwości zastosowania skanera 3D - FootScan FTS-4 firmy Ideas w diagnozowaniu stóp oraz pomiarach antropometrycznych. Badania przeprowadzono dla grupy 12 kobiet w wieku od 22 do 61 lat w Centralnym Laboratorium Przemyślu Obuwniczego w Krakowie 2006 roku. Głównym celem pracy było porównanie wyników badań antropometrycznych uzyskanych metodami tradycyjnymi (pomiary wykonane bezpośrednio na stopie, metoda plantokonturograficzna) oraz przy użyciu skanera 3D.
EN
This paper presents the possibility of using the 'Foot Scan' FTS-4 3D scanner from "Ideas" Company for the diagnosing and anthropometrical testing of feet. The tests were done in 2006 in the Central Laboratory of Footwear Industry in Krakow for the group of 12 women aged 22-61 years. The main purpose of this paper was to compare the results of anthropometrical testing against traditional methods such as direct measuring of feet or plantography and measurements by means of three dimensional technology.
EN
The paper presents experimental and numerical analyses of two cases of mandibular corpus fractures cured by means of miniplate implantation. In the laboratory tests, strain gauges and electronic speckle pattern interferometry methods were used, while in the numerical simulations finite element analyses were applied. The aim of such a combined approach was to verify a correctness of the numerical model applied with regard to the assumptions and simplifications which had been done when creating FEM for human mandible: healthy, broken and stabilized with miniplate implants.
EN
The work presents the comparative method of determining linear coefficient of thermal expansion for stiff materials in the small range of temperatures (20÷40 °C). The phenomenon of optical interference was used for the continuous measurements and relative changes of thermal extensions. The applied sodium light permitted the measurement of expansion as a function of changes of temperature with accuracy 0,3 [µm]. The described method was applied for composite hybride materials as well as for hard tissues of animal teeth.
EN
Application of strengthening elements in dental bridges for both fixed and removable prostheses essentially extends possibilities of lost teeth reconstruction as well as increases the range of transfered occlusal loadings. The paper presents comparative numerical analysis of the reinforced polymer-based fixed prosthesis used for a reconstruction of the total teeth lack in anterior mandibular part. The strengthening bars of various cross-sections were made of stainless steel, titanic alloy, ceramics and glass composite. The stress distributions in the elements of prostheses as well as the analysis of effort in the mandibular bone structures close to the supporting pillars have been done for the case of bite occlusal loadings.
PL
W pracy dokonano porównania parametrów wytrzymałościowych oraz określono dopuszczalne wartości obciążeń zgryzowych dla przypadków zębów odbudowywanych pośrednimi wypełnieniami kompozytowymi typu inlay/onlay/overlay.
EN
The paper describes the comparative strength analysis of teeth crowns restored by means of the indirect filling systems of inlay/onlay/overlay type. The aim of this work was compare strength parameters of teeth's reconstructions with healthy teeth crowns.
EN
Total or partial failure to see should not eliminate men's ability to move. One of the most important difficulties for the blind people is to pass or avoid various barriers while moving in the streets. In majority they use walking-sticks, which are limited to detect barriers laying on the ground. Other barriers like trees branches, platforms, low road signs, etc. generally are being detected to late. In order to help people who suffer that disability a system of sonar based on ultrasonic detection has been worked out. The system is applied mainly as an additional device useful for detecting barriers by space scanning on the height corresponding to men's trunk and head. Ultrasonic sensor of 40 kHz frequency and microcontroller as a basic part of the system have been applied to design and construct the device. The main function of the sonar is to calculate the time for ultrasonic wave to overcome the distance to the barrier and back as well as noise controlled signalling of barrier detection depending on it's settlement.
EN
The proper osteointegration between transplant and mandibular bones in method of autogenous bone graft, among others, depends on a size of the removed bone part in the mandible as well as on a type of the free bone graft used for reconstruction. In the paper three different types of grafting bone material taken from hip, rib and tibia, for two sizes of the removed part of mandible, have been compared. Titanic macroplate was used as a stabilizing element. The strain and stress fields in both mandibular bones and grafts have been determined for all considered cases. Numerical model of mandible used in the strength analysis was built with the regards to the anatomical features including basic muscle groups of stomatognathic system, mobility of temporal-mandibular joint, volume representing alveodental ligament and alternative isotropic or orthotropic bone material properties.
PL
Na drodze badań laboratoryjnych wyznaczono wartości modułu sprężystości, stałej Poissona, wytrzymałości na ściskanie, nowoczesnych materiałów stomatologicznych. Otrzymane dane będą przydatne do przeprowadzenia wytrzymałościowych symulacji numerycznych oraz do weryfikacji prób wytrzymałościowych przeprowadzonych na wypreparowanych zębach, nowoopracowywanymi technikami rekonstrukcji koron zębów.
EN
The following quantities for modern dental composite material: modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and compressive strength were examined in terms of laboratory tests. The obtained results will by useful for numerical strength simulations as well as to verify the results of strength test done on prepared teeth crowns reconstructed by modern dental techniques preparations.
PL
Praca ma na celu porównanie parametrów wytrzymałościowych modelowego złącza adhezyjnego, w przypadkach różnych technik preparacji oraz różnych materiałów kompozytowych. Dokonano oceny wpływu stosowania różnych systemów łączących w 6 grupach badawczych. Analizowano również wpływ czasu piaskowania na trwałości połączenia. Badania realizowano w trakcie procesu czystego ścinania technicznego, na maszynie wytrzymałościowej firmy Instron.
EN
The aim of the paper was to compare strength parameters of model adhesive joint for various filling techniques and various composite materials. The assessment of different bonding systems has been done for 6 test groups. The analysis of influence of sand blasting time of adhesive joint durability was done, too. The experiments were done at pure shearing test by means of INSTRON strength machine.
EN
The paper presents the results of the experimental tests on stress relaxation behaviour of dipole magnet coils made of niobium-titanium composite cables insulated with polymeric material (polyimide) at compression. In theoretical analysis a power-law rheological model has been proposed for that composite.
PL
Praca przedstawia wyniki badań eksperymentalnych relaksacji naprężenia przy ściskaniu kabli z kompozytów NbTi izolowanych poliimidem, stosowanych na cewki magnesów nadprzewodzących. W analizie teoretycznej zaproponowano potęgowy model reologiczny dla tego kompozytu.
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