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1
Content available remote Zmiany struktury ligniny osadek kukurydzy pod wpływem fermentacji metanowej
Stachowiak-Wencek A., Zborowska M., Waliszewska H., Waliszewska B.
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2018
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T. 97, nr 12
2162--2165
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań zmian zachodzących w strukturze ligniny pozyskanej z osadek kukurydzy pod wpływem procesu fermentacji metanowej. Najmniejsze zmiany spowodował proces ekstruzji, największe obróbka alkaliczna, która przyczyniła się do prawie całkowitej delignifikacji surowca. Obróbka wstępna spowodowała w niewielkim zakresie zmiany w zawartości grup hydroksylowych i karbonylowych. Nieznacznie zmienił się także stosunek monomerów syringilowych i gwajacylowych oraz stosunek układów alifatycznych do aromatycznych. Po procesie fermentacji znacząco wzrósł udział ligniny w pozostałości pofermentacyjnej.
EN
Maize residues were disintegrated and (i) treated with dild. H₂SO₄ and NaOH to hydrolyze the cellulose and heated in aq. suspension at 100°C for 3 h or (ii) extruded at 110°C and 140-160°C. The raw material prepd. was fermented by using MeH bacteria without any prodn. of biogas. The fermentation process resulted in changes in the chem. structure of lignin. The content of hydroxyl groups and the ratio of aliph. and arom. structures were higher in fermentation residue than in lignin before pretreament and fermentation. The content of carbonyl groups and the ratio of syringil to guaiacyl structures was changed to a lesser extent.
2
Content available remote Zmiany barwy drewna wenge po obróbce chemicznej i naświetlaniu
Stachowiak-Wencek A., Zborowska M., Waliszewska B., Prądzyński W.
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2018
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T. 97, nr 1
110--114
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań zmiany barwy drewna wenge spowodowane obróbką buforem kwasowym (pH 4) lub zasadowym (pH 10) oraz naświetlaniem światłem UV-VIS o dwóch zakresach długości fal 290–800 i 320–800 nm.
EN
Wood samples after bathing (23°C, 24 h) in acidic (pH 4) or alk. buffers and drying (40°C, 24 h) were light-irradiated (Xenone lamp, 550 W/m2, waves length 290–800 nm or 320–800 nm) for 1–100 h and evaluated for color changes of wood and chem. changes of its surface. The results were compared with those for the untreated wood samples. Colorimetric methods and IR spectroscopy were used to assess discoloration of wood and chem. changes of its surface, resp. Alk. bath and light irradn. at waves length 290–800 nm resulted in the most significant darkening of the wood surface and the largest degrdn. of lignin.
3
Content available A selection of the application of Pinus sylvestris L. from Puszcza Notecka by chemical analysis
Zborowska M., Prądzyński W., Kusiak W., Stachowiak-Wencek A., Roszyk E., Moliński W.
Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty
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2018
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vol. 61, nr 202
39--51
EN
Pinus sylvestris L. is the most popular wood material used in building construction and pulp technology. However, it can be also applied for other, more economically beneficial purposes like ethanol, commercial quantities of xylose or glucose as well as substrates for chemical synthesis. The selection of an optimal conversion path of wood should be based on its chemical composition and physical properties. The overall aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition and features of cellulose and lignin structure on a molecular level of Pinus sylvestris L. wood from a primeval forest: Puszcza Notecka was chosen because of its valorisation. The trees from four stands: two from the primeval forest and for comparison two from stands out of the primeval forest were used in the research. The percentage of chemical components of the wood: holocellulose, cellulose, pentosans and lignin as well as components soluble in ethanol and ash were determined. The chemical analysis provided information on the number of wood components. Their variations at a molecular level were investigated by Py-GC/MS, highlighting how the growth place of trees can affect the formation of wood pyrolysis products. The differences between the structures of cellulose and lignin, amidst certain feedstocks were also analysed by FTIR. It was shown that a percentage of the chemical composition of material from the stands in the primeval forest is more homogeneous in comparison to material from other investigated stands. There was a lower content of extractives in wood from the primeval forest which facilitates the gluing and finishing of wood-based materials. A low content of ash in this material gives possibilities to consider using investigated feedstock for energy purposes. The highest content of holocellulose, 77.5%, was found in the wood gained from the primeval forest and this feedstock is the best for obtaining carbohydrate derivatives. Both the low content of lignin and the low content of extractives in wood from Puszcza Notecka allowed them to be applied in the fermentation process. The evaluation of the relative amounts of pyrolysis products deriving from holocellulose and lignin and FTIR analysis highlighted differences between feedstock growing in the compared areas. The results obtained indicated that the trees from Puszcza Notecka are an attractive feedstock for technological branches due to the homogeneous chemical and physical features and they can potentially be used for countless economically-viable applications.
4
Content available remote Treatment of dairy waste by anaerobic co-digestion with sewage sludge
Pilarska A. A., Pilarski K., Witaszek K., Waliszewska H., Zborowska M., Waliszewska B., Kolasiński M., Szwarc-Rzepka K.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S
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2016
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Vol. 23, nr 1
99--115
EN
The results of anaerobic digestion (AD) of buttermilk (BM) and cheese whey (CW) with a digested sewage sludge as inoculum is described. The substrate/inoculum mixtures were prepared using 10% buttermilk and 15% cheese whey. The essential parameters of the materials were described, including: total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), pH, conductivity, C/N ratio (the quantitative ratio of organic carbon (C) to nitrogen (N)), alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD). The potential directions of biodegradation of the organic waste types, as used in this study, are also presented. Appropriate chemical reactions illustrate the substrates and products in each phase of anaerobic decomposition of the compounds that are present in buttermilk and cheese whey: lactic acid, lactose, fat, and casein. Moreover, the biogas and biomethane production rates are compared for the substrates used in the experiment. The results have shown that buttermilk in AD generates more biogas (743 m3/Mg VS), including methane (527 m3/Mg VS), when compared with cheese whey (600 m3/Mg VS, 338 m3/Mg VS for biogas and methane, respectively).
5
Content available Properties and dimensional stability of 12 500-year-old subfossil pine wood
Fejer M., Zborowska M., Adamek O., Dzieduszyńska D., Kittel P., Petera-Zganiacz J., Twardy J.
Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty
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2014
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vol. 57, nr 193
81--95
EN
At the Koźmin Las site, in Central Poland, in the middle section of the Warta River valley, a series of well-preserved tree trunks and in situ stumps, as well as organic deposits, have been found. The tree remains are dated back to the period between 13,000–12,600 cal BP, i.e. to the Alleröd/Younger Dryas transition. The forest consisted predominantly of pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) of a maximum age of approx. 140 years and an average age of 68 years, and the river valley floor was overgrown. The forest was destroyed ca. 12,600 cal BP by deteriorating hydrological conditions or a sudden catastrophic event. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of degradation in terms of selected macroscopic, physical and chemical properties of a subfossil pine log. On this basis, a conservation process was developed, using aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycols (PEG) with varying concentrations of low- and high-molecular polymers. Treated and dried samples were compared in terms of their tangential and radial dimensional stability, as well as their hygroscopic properties.
6
Content available remote Higher and lower heating values of selected lignocellulose materials
Dukiewicz H., Waliszewska B., Zborowska M.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology
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2014
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No. 87
60--63
EN
Biomass is a promising alternative energy source. The most common raw material is straw in the form of bales, briquettes and pellets, although considerable demand is also observed for other energy crops. Introduced alien plants are used for various purposes: as fodder, in fermentation and as energy crops. This study aimed at the determination of higher heating value of plants of three species from the families Miscanthus and Sorgum in terms of their potential use as energy source before and after methane fermentation. Higher heating value of the tested raw materials was high both before and after the fermentation process.
7
Content available Lignocellulosic biomass derived from agricultural land as industrial and energy feedstock
Stolarski M. J., Krzyżaniak M., Waliszewska B., Szczukowski S., Tworkowski J., Zborowska M.
Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty
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2013
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vol. 56, nr 189
5--23
EN
Lignocellulosic biomass is a natural, renewable and highly versatile resource. In recent years, woody biomass produced in short rotation coppices has become increasingly popular. Hence, this research was undertaken to assess the thermophysical and chemical properties of willow, poplar and black locust stems in relation to a soil fertilization regime. The experiment was set up in the village of Samławki in north-eastern Poland (53°59’ N, 21°04’ E), on soil considered sub-standard for the traditional agricultural production of food or fodder crops. The black locust biomass was characterised by the lowest moisture content combined with the greatest lower heating value and ash content. The poplar plant had the highest carbon and hydrogen content and the greatest higher heating value, although due to its high moisture content, it had the poorest lower heating value. The willow biomass was characterised by the highest content of cellulose and holocellulose. Mycorrhiza improved the cellulose content as well as the lignin and holocellulose content in the wood of the black locust. In the case of the willow wood, the application of lignin to the soil was the only measure that reduced the content of the lignin in the lignocellulosic biomass.
PL
Dendromasa to naturalny, odnawialny surowiec o szerokim i wszechstronnym zastosowaniu. W ostatnich latach wzrasta zainteresowanie biomasą drzewną pozyskiwaną w krótkich rotacjach zbioru z upraw polowych. Dlatego też podjęto badania oceny termofizycznych i chemicznych właściwości dwuletnich pędów wierzby, topoli oraz robinii akacjowej w zależności od sposobu nawożenia gleby. Doświadczenie zlokalizowane było w północno-wschodniej Polsce w miejscowości Samławki (53°59’ N, 21°04’ E) na glebie mało przydatnej do tradycyjnej produkcji rolniczej pod uprawy konsumpcyjne czy paszowe. Biomasa robinii charakteryzowała się najniższą wilgotnością oraz najwyższą wartością opałową i zawartością popiołu, natomiast topola – najwyższą zawartością węgla i wodoru i najwyższym ciepłem spalania; jednakże ze względu na maksymalną wilgotność posiadała najniższą wartość opałową. Najwięcej celulozy oraz holocelulozy miała biomasa wierzby. Najkorzystniejsze zmiany w zawartości celulozy, ligniny i holocelulozy w drewnie robinii miało zastosowanie mikoryzy. W przypadku drewna wierzbowego, jedynie zastosowanie ligniny do nawożenia obniżyło w niewielkim stopniu zawartość ligniny w pozyskanej dendromasie.
8
Content available remote Badanie składu chemicznego oraz wybranych cech strukturalnych ligniny drewna wykopaliskowego
Zborowska M., Prądzyński W., Waliszewska B.
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2003
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T. 82, nr 8-9
1189-1191
PL
Przedstawiono zmiany składu chemicznego drewna gatunków iglastych, zalegającego przez 700 lat w glebie, w warunkach zbliżonych do anaerobowych, oraz wybranych cech strukturalnych układów ligninowych. Stwierdzono różnice w stopniu degradacji składników polisacharydowych porównywanych surowców oraz zmiany jakościowe układów ligninowych w obydwu badanych materiałach drzewnych.
EN
In ca. 700-year-old woods, pine and fir, dug out from a 2-m deep soil layer, pH 7.75, wood losses were 55.8 and 26.4%, holocellulose losses 74.35 and 24.2%, hemicellulose losses 90.4 and 44.8%, cellulose rises in holocellulose 36.7 and 9.7%, cellulose left 34.9 and 83.2%, lignin lost 24.7 and 21.4%, max. moisture 473 and 318%, mineral content tripled.. Conditions close to anaerobic favored mineralization and extraction with water. Carbohydrate degradation was more advanced in pine than in fir. More than 20% of lignin decomposed in either wood. Lignin structure modifications occurred via demethylation, depolymerization, and autocondensation.
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